세리 르빈(Sherrie Levine)의 리포토그래피(rephotography) 연구

Levine, Sherrie 숙명여자대학교 대학원 2001 국내석사

본 논문은 모더니즘 미술가들의 작품을 사진으로 찍어 미술 작품으로 제시한 세리 르빈의 리포토그래피에 관한 연구이다. 1970년대 말부터 다양한 이론적 패러다임을 통해서 사진에 대해 논의하는 것이 시작되었고, 미국 미술계에서 『옥토버』를 중심으로 활동한 이론가들은 후기구조주의에서 영향을 받아 기계 복제 시대의 예술인 사진이 모더니즘 미술을 전복시킬 수 있는 매체임을 인식하면서 사진의 역할을 강조했다. 이러한 태도는 1980년대의 사진 비평과 동일 선상에 있는데, 당시의 사진 비평은 1950년대와 1960년대에 모더니즘 미술로 재규정된 사진에 대해 이의를 제기했고, 특히 미술계가 1970년대의 경제 불황을 극복하기 위해 재평가하고 흡수한 사진들이 사진적 실천의 다양성과 차이를 무시한 편협한 범주였다는 사실에 주목했다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 미술계의 변화를 배경으로, 차용 행위로 간주되는 르빈의 리포토그래피가 포스트모더니즘 미술 작품으로 인정받을 수 있는 이유를 크게 두 가지 면에서 살펴보고 있다. 우선, 르빈의 리포토그래피는 모더니즘 미학의 붕괴를 표명하고 있다. 미술 작품의 독창성과 저자성은 모더니즘 미술의 원동력이자 신조이다. 그러나 르빈은 미술 작품에서 근본적으로 독창적인 것이 있을 수 없다는 입장을 취하는데, 이러한 르빈의 태도는 마르셀 뒤샹의 레디메이드, 다다의 콜라주와 몽타주, 팝 미술가들이 대중 매체에서 가져온 이미지 등에서 이어진 역사적인 맥락을 갖고 있다. 그러므로 미술 작품의 사진 복제품을 재촬영한 르빈의 리포토그래피는, 현존하는 사진 이미지의 재순환을 보여주면서 미술 작품에서 독창성이 더 이상 필수적인 요 소가 아님을 주장하는 포스트모더니즘 미술이다. 이러한 르빈의 리포토그래피는 미술가의 죽음을 선언하고 있다. 자율적 주체에 대한 후기구조주의의 문제 제기에서 발전된 저자의 죽음이 르빈의 리포토그래피에서는 미술가의 죽음으로 표현되며, 그 결과 관객이 탄생한다. 즉, 작품의 출전을 밝히는 제목과 함께 제시된 르빈의 리포토그래피는 고정되고 통일된 원천으로서의 개성있는 미술가라는 낭만적인 개념에 이의를 제기하고, 이와 동시에 미술 작품의 의미를 창조하고 완성하는 능동적인 관객의 역할을 강조한다. 다음으로, 르빈의 리포토그래피는 지배적 가치 체계에 대한 저항으로 평가할 수 있다. 서양미술사가 남성의 욕망을 찬양하는 장이며 그러한 결과물의 역사이기에, 르빈이 모더니즘 미술의 위대한 남성 대가들의 작품과 그 속에 담긴 타자의 이미지를 차용함으로써 여성 미술가인 자신의 입지를 구축하기가 얼마나 어려운지를 보여준 것은 분명 페미니즘 미술로 간주되는 점이다. 또한 모더니즘 미술의 신조들을 파기한 르빈의 리포토그래피는 바깥 세상과 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있는 사진 고유의 속성을 무시한 모더니즘 사진과의 결별이자 미술관 제도에 관한 비판으로 여겨진다. 다시 말해, 르빈의 리포토그래피는 미술관의 존립 근거인 독창적인 미술 작품, 개성있는 미술가라는 개념이 지니는 취약함을 폭로하면서, 사진은 복합적이고 다층적이며 예술 사진 이외의 다른 담론들에 유용하다는 사실을 증명하고 있는 것이다. 하지만 남성 미술가의 작품만을 차용하는 르빈의 행위는 정신분석학적인 차원에서 여성성이라는 가면으로 보여질 수 있는데, 이는 르빈이 그들에 대한 사랑과 존경을 표현하는 가면을 쓰고 이미 미술사에서 검증받은 그들의 이름과 작품을 자신이 받고자 하는 인정으로 이용하고 있는 것으로 해석할 수 있기 때문이다. 아울러 르빈의 작품이 여타의 다른 포스트모더니즘 미술 작품들처럼 미술관에 흡수되었을 때, 리포토그래피가 가졌던 비판적인 효과가 유효한지도 재고해 보아야 한다. 르빈의 리포토그래피가 오히려 원작의 가치를 올리고 또 하나의 독창적인 미술 작품이 되어 상품 문화에 순응할 때, 차용이라는 전략이 예전에 가졌던 파괴적이고 비판적인 능력을 계속해서 유지하기 어렵다는 점을 주목해야 할 것이다. In the late 1970's, art historians began to discuss photography using diverse theoretical paradigms. Theoreticians associated with October magazine, greatly influenced by poststructuralism, recognized that photography can subvert modern art and emphasized its function. Their position is consonant with photography criticism in the 1980's that called into question the definition of photography as modern art during the 1950's and 1960's. Such photography was later reappraised and has even been credited with overcoming the economic recession of the art world during the 1970's. However, it is an insular category that neglects the multiplicity of photographic practice. My thesis is a study of Sherrie Levine's rephotography, a technique whereby the artist photographs reproductions of the art works of modern masters and then shows the photographs as her own work. I examine the reasons why Levine's rephotography, as a work of appropriation, constitutes postmodern art. First, I acknowledge that Levine's rephotography demonstrates the collapse of modern aesthetics. Originality and authorship are both the motives and the tenets of art in the modern era, but Levine posits that an original work cannot exist in the artwork fundamentally. Levine's position has its historical roots in Marcel Duchamp's Readymade, the Dada practice of collage and montage, and in Pop Art's mass media images. She utilizes a recycling of existing photographic images and asserts that the originality of artwork is not an essential element of the form. Levine's rephotography announces "the death of the artist". The concept of "the death of the author" developed from poststructuralism, which addresses the notion of an autonomous subject. Levine's rephotography works refute the romantic concept of the individual artist as having a fixed character and place of origin. At the same time, her work emphasizes active viewing in order to create the meaning of the artwork. Second, I examine Levine's rephotography as a resistance to a system that values the works of masters at the expense and exclusion of other artists. Western art history epitomizes the praise of man's desire and its results, so Levine's rephotography, which appropriates only the works of great modern male artists and the images of "the Other" in their works, expresses how difficult it is to be a woman artist. Her rephotography deconstructs the tenets of modern art. It represents a break with modern photography rejecting photography's traditional relationship to the outside world and criticizes the museum as an institution. Her rephotography exposes the concepts of original artwork and the personal artist, elements that form the basis of art museums, demonstrating that photography is complex, multi-layered, and central to discourses other than "art photography". Last, I consider whether the critical effect of rephotography is valid. Levine's appropriation of exclusively male artists' works represents "womanliness as a masquerade". Her behavior may be interpreted as the use of famous names and works in order to gain recognition for herself. When Levine's work is treated by museums in the same manner as other postmodern art works, it enhances the value of the original work of art as well as becoming another original work itself. Her work accommodates itself to the marketplace of art. We must conclude that the strategy of appropriation can hardly maintain its deconstructive and critical powers when it joins the mainstream of culture.

Understanding incentives in health care

Levine, Anna A Stanford University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the biotechnology pharmaceutical industry, providing both context and motivation for the empirical model estimated in Chapter 2. Chapter 1 includes a discussion of pharmaceutical drug pricing, a historical overview of the industry, as well as a quantitative description of the direct payments physicians in Minnesota received from pharmaceutical firm between 2002--2004. The second chapter, empirically quantifies how market structure influences the split of producer surplus innovators receive for successful innovation in the biotechnology pharmaceutical industry. I find that pharmaceutical marketing firms' values for adding a new drug to their product portfolio depend on the distribution of the other products marketed in the same physician specialty as the drug, the size of the patient market the drug serves, and the number of physicians in the physician specialty that prescribe the drug. I show how the level of competition in the bidding market for the marketing rights of a successful innovation varies across markets. In particular, when the distribution of marketing rights for products in a physician specialty are concentrated in a single firm, the bargaining position of the innovator is weakened and this effect becomes more severe as the size of the physician specialty increases. The difference between the firm with the highest valuation and the firm with the second highest valuation increases by an average of 2% for every additional 10,000 physicians in a specialty. In the third chapter, I examine the effect of state legislation restricting physician investment in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facilities on the usage and availability of MRI technology. I find that this legislation decreases the number of MRI machines available by 12%. In addition, I find that the legislation has a larger effect on the number of machines available in hospital based facilities than those available in non hospital based facilities. I find the law shifts where procedures are performed from hospital based facilities to non-hospital based facilities, but I do not find conclusive evidence that the law decreases the number of procedures performed in these states. In order to identify these effects, I use data from an MRI census performed from 1992--1998 as well as information on state legislation restricting physician investments in MRI facilities. My results demonstrate that when considering the effect of a law regulating contracts between experts and service providers, the law's impact on ownership patterns should be considered in addition to the law's impact on the availability of technology and the overall level of utilization.

Forest Resilience Measured: Using a Multi-Timescale Approach to Quantify Forest Resilience in a Changing World

Levine, Carrie Levine ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Maintaining the resilience of ecological systems in an era of global change is a priority for management and conservation. In California, forests are currently threatened by a suite of disturbances that include altered fire regimes, legacy effects from timber harvesting, a warming and drying climate, chronic air pollution, and uncharacteristically severe attacks by insects and pathogens. Managing to preserve the characteristic structure and function of California forests under novel disturbance regimes requires a clear understanding of these forests' historical conditions as well as an understanding of the drivers of change in these forests. A major challenge of managing for resilience is the lack of quantifiable metrics to assess changes in a system's resilience over time. This dissertation uses a multi-timescale approach that quantifies changes in the structure and composition of California mixed-conifer forests since European settlement and suggests a framework for measuring and monitoring forest resilience. This work can be used to guide conservation and restoration activities with the goal of maintaining the characteristic structure and function of forests under changing disturbance regimes. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

Real estate income property reporting : a study of management information system effectiveness as applied to income real property

Levin, Marvin Thomas [s.n.] 1984 국내박사

Stock splits, share prices, and ownership composition

Levin, Ilene Frances University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 1993 국내박사

Die Hebräischen intransitiven Verbader Bewegung

Levin, Shmarya Druck von H. Itzkowski 1894 국내석사

Context effects on the auditory perception of English by adults whose first language is Korean

Levine, Marion UMI Dissertation Services 2000 국내박사

THE BRUGES MASTER OF THE ST. URSULA LEGEND RE-CONSIDERED

LEVINE, DANIEL MICHAEL Indiana University 1989 해외박사

Race, culture, and art : Theodore Roosevelt and the nationalist aesthetic

Levine, Stephen Lee Kent State University 2001 국내박사

A house in darkness : The politics of history and the language of politics in the late Northern Song, 1068--1104 (China)

Levine, Ari Daniel Columbia University 2002 국내박사