The Synthesis of Dehydrosphingosine

Crosby, Janet Lois ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Illi 1949 해외박사(DDOD)

Nerve tissue is unique in that over fifty per cent of its dry weight is composed of fatty substances. The sphingolipids, which are derivatives of the complex bases sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine, make up a large portion of these lipids. The structure of sphingosine and dihydro-sphingosine have recently been established by degradation studies. The present work was undertaken in order to verify their structure by synthesis.

The Civil Code and the transformation of German society: The politics of gender inequality, 1814--1919

Crosby, Margaret Barber Brown University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This is the second full-length study of the relationship between political change and the law in nineteenth-century Germany. The author, Dr. Margaret Crosby, focuses more on the content of the laws as well as on the relationship between German liberalism and the movement to codify German customary law. This study makes a unique contribution to political history and gender history, by viewing the construction of gender relations as a product of political ideology. The study covers the period from 1814 to 1919 and examines how private law was used to secure liberal reform in German society. The activities and writings of liberal legal scholars and lawyers are analyzed to give a detailed picture of the links between German liberal political ideology and the codification of German private law. Scholarship on private law reflected the growth of German republicanism in the early nineteenth Century—a republicanism that excluded women from public society. Through the introduction of civil codes, German liberals were able to reform unified Germany into the civil society they imagined during the early nineteenth Century. This study throws new light on the political ideology of German liberalism, the strength of German liberalism after 1848, the structural reform of the Kaiserreich and the significant reforms liberals were able to institute through the codification and introduction of private law. Dr. Margaret Crosby, argues that the Civil Code of 1900 was the high point of German liberalism and that the Code effected a legal revolution in German society.

Intergovernmental Financial Monitoring and Intervention: Does it make the Grade?

Crosby, Andrew W University of Illinois at Chicago 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

Does state financial monitoring of school districts improve district financial condition? Since the 1980s, the Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) has been monitoring the fiscal health of public school districts, and currently uses a system called the School District Financial Profile. ISBE scores districts' financial health and intervenes when scores fall below acceptable levels. A premise underlying this system is that early intervention can improve district financial health. To assess state fiscal monitoring and intervention of Illinois school districts I assemble a panel data set of financial indicators covering over 800 school districts in Illinois for thirteen years (2002-2014). I employ statistical techniques that appropriately control for district conditions as well as discontinuities in the application of policy interventions. I find that state intervention does not improve the trajectory of district financial indicators in the short term, but does significantly improve districts' trajectory in the longer term. This research adds to scholarship in both the financial management and educational policy fields and offers practical implications for state and district policymakers.

The academic literacies experiences of Generation 1.5 learners: How three Generation 1.5 learners negotiated various academic literacies contexts in their first year of university study

Crosby, Cathryn Read The Ohio State University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

Based on their U.S. K--12 schooling experiences, most Generation 1.5 students enter college with some foundation in academic literacies. However, many Generation 1.5ers have difficulties with the more complex and more language-intensive reading and writing tasks they encounter in college. This case study presents findings of the academic literacies experiences of three Generation 1.5 students during their first year of university study. With the use of the Academic Literacies Model (Lea & Street, 2000) as the theoretical frame, the study focuses on the academic literacies difficulties these students experienced as well as the strategic practices they utilized to overcome these difficulties and complete the academic literacies tasks. Data for the study was collected using semi-structured participant interviews, transcription, member checks, literacies logs, course artifacts, and literacies samples. Analysis of the data collected was done with the use of a systematic coding scheme to identify emergent themes and patterns and determine frequency counts in the data. The results of this study highlight four important characteristics of the academic literacies experiences of first year Generation 1.5 learners. First, the situatedness of academic literacies is the cause of some difficulties Generation 1.5 learners have with them, rather than their Generation 1.5 learner status. Second, the Generation 1.5 learners in this study possessed notions of academic literacies which revealed a less linear approach to and interpretation of the academic socialization process than their instructors. Third, the differences among the participants' levels of academic literacy proficiency, as indicated by their difficulties with and strategic practices of academic literacies, point to the diversity within this group of learners. Finally, the U.S. K--12 schooling experience that the Generation 1.5 learners in this study had served as an advantage to them in different ways as they negotiated new academic literacies contexts in their first year of university study.

Leadership styles as exhibited by team leaders through electronic mail usage

Crosby, Curtis Charles University of Southern California 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

One study testing how team leadership styles and situational controls affect the kind of communication team leaders send to team members, is reviewed. Initially, thirty-five team leaders were queried in an industry setting. Seventeen of those were then surveyed on leadership style and situational control. From this group, four team leaders exhibiting extreme leadership styles, were selected. These leaders' electronic mail (email) was collected over a four week period of time. This email was classified into categories exhibiting either relationship-motivated or task-motivated leadership style. Quantitative analysis was performed, and the instrument used to classify the electronic mail was determined to have a high degree of reliability. Additionally, a qualitative analysis following the testing was done to further determine leadership style as perceived by the individual team leaders themselves. The study yielded statistically significant results indicating that these team leaders, regardless of a relationship or task-motivated leadership style, typically used email as a way of communicating general guidelines, procedures and information, indicative of a more task-motivated leadership style. Consequently, in this investigation, it was concluded that email does provide an opportunity to understand the types of leadership styles exhibited within written email communication during the early formation of process improvement teams.

Bayeslan Statistics in Auditing : A Comparison of Probability Elictation Techniques and Sample Size Decisions

Crosby, Michael Alan U. M. I. 1984 국내박사

Barriers to access: The experience of students delaying the request for accommodations at an open-access college

Crosby, Stephanie University of Florida 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

The decision of students to request accommodations for a disability in higher education is a complex one. Many students with disabilities elect to delay providing documentation of a disability to receive accommodations. The literature has few studies that provide an in-depth analysis of this experience. This case study examined multiple perspectives of the decision-making process that students use to request accommodations after electing to delay doing so. Moreover, this study is intended to fill a knowledge gap on this growing population in higher education. Data were collected from multiple sources. Seven students who were selected using purposeful and snowball sampling techniques were engaged in interviews. An analysis of documents, including psycho-educational reports, medical records, advisor narratives, transcripts, and IEPs, was conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the students' experience. In addition, faculty members at the college chosen as the research site were anonymously surveyed. A case study design was employed to identify themes that are intrinsic to the data and may provide insight for practitioners. The themes that emerged are: (a) cost-benefit analysis of receiving services, (b) psychological impacts of disability identification and disclosure, (c) normal/abnormal dichotomy, (d) disability as identity, (e) relationships, (f) and barriers to be overcome. These themes are discussed in relation to students' disclosure of disability. The findings of this study suggest that actions can be taken to increase the self-identification of students with disabilities. Creating a culture that is inclusive of disabilities as a component of diversity will be an important action. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research illustrate the need for further study.

Conserving Avian Biodiversity on Managed Forest Landscapes: The Importance of Pattern and Scale

Crosby, Andrew Donald Michigan State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

The shift in forest management goals over the last several decades to meet societal demands for more non-timber benefits has led to a move towards ecosystem-based approaches to management, with biodiversity conservation being a major objective. Within this context, maintaining the richness and diversity of bird species on working forest landscapes has continued to be a priority in sustainable forest management. Ecosystems are heterogeneous in space and time, and regional species diversity is maintained by spatial patterns of heterogeneity at multiple scales. Understanding how patterns of heterogeneity in forest composition and structure influence species diversity is crucial to sustainable forest management. However, despite a great deal of research on habitat relationships of forest bird species, there is little understanding of how patterns of heterogeneity across scales influence regional bird species diversity. Therefore, my research goal was to investigate the relationship of bird species diversity to patterns of forest composition and structure across multiple spatial scales on a managed forest landscape. The first chapter investigates how patterns of heterogeneity in stand-level attributes impact patterns of bird community diversity across multiple spatial scales. Chapter 2 demonstrates a novel application of the conservation filters strategy to maintaining avian diversity on managed forests by working at 2 different operational scales. The third chapter looks at monitoring beta diversity in bird communities at multiple spatial scales as an alternative paradigm to species-level strategies for tracking changes in regional biodiversity. The research in these chapters draws several conclusions that are fundamental to the problem of maintaining regional biodiversity on managed forest landscapes. The first is that the relationship of environmental heterogeneity to bird community diversity changes across spatial scales. The second conclusion is that uncommon vegetation community types have a greater relative contribution to regional diversity, and the importance of specific compositional and structural attributes changes among types. Third, quantifying beta diversity of bird communities (differences among spatial units within a region) across multiple scales, using a hierarchical cluster sampling design, reflects environmental heterogeneity and offers an efficient and effective system for monitoring changes in regional biodiversity. The research presented in this dissertation offers an expanded and integrated view of the problem of maintaining biodiversity on managed forests. I have demonstrated that large-scale management systems must explicitly address how forest planning will impact patterns at multiple scales simultaneously, and maintain both homogenous and heterogeneous landscapes at the appropriate scales. My work offers an integrated set of guidelines for biodiversity conservation on managed forests that explicitly accounts for the multiple scales at which biodiversity is generated and maintained. I believe that this research provides ecologists, land managers, and planners with an improved framework for managing forests under the ecosystem management paradigm.

Block scheduling as perceived by selected high school principals and teachers of math and science

Crosby, Arnetta Keys The University of Southern Mississippi 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions held by administrators in Mississippi public high schools to see how their views may influence the type of scheduling format they use. It also investigated the perceptions and views of math and science teachers to see if there are differences in perceptions between them and if these differences of perceptions are related to the teaching process, school climate, and student achievement. Two surveys were constructed, one geared for administrators and one geared for teachers. The subjects consisted of all building principals in Mississippi public high schools who have implemented or are in the process of implementing a block schedule into their school's educational curriculums. Subjects also consisted of a sample of math and science teachers who teach in a block schedule model. A list of schools meeting these requirements was obtained from the Mississippi Department of Education. A survey was sent to approximately 83 school districts and 194 schools. The findings of this study indicate that administrators and teachers who are presently utilizing some type of block schedule in Mississippi public schools do not differ in their perceptions regarding the type of schedule used. This study further emphasized that the teaching process, school climate, and student achievement do not make a difference in the perceptions between administrators and teachers. However, there were some discrepancies between administrators' and teachers' beliefs about the amount of inservice training they received before they started teaching in a block and while they were teaching in a block. The teachers felt that they received much less training than what was reported by their administrators. Even though the administrators and teachers sometimes held different beliefs about their inservice training, they were generally consistent in their beliefs that block scheduling has positively impacted their schools, and they were generally consistent in their beliefs about not wanting to return to a traditional schedule.

How are community college contract training partnerships responding to the needs of employers: Virginia community colleges

Crosby, Susan E The George Washington University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

This research proposed to broaden the research-based knowledge available to institutions that rely heavily on partnerships between community colleges and local businesses for additional funding opportunities. Using data gathered from business partners, three questions were answered: Why do employers choose the community college as their training provider?; What factors can be identified that contribute to successful workforce programs, as well as those identified as barriers to success?; and What are the extent and nature of future workforce training needs?. Customers of the Virginia Community College System were respondents to this study. All contact was made via e-mail, and all data was collected via an online survey instrument. Forty-five businesses contracting for training programs with 10 Virginia community colleges described 56 contract training projects. The respondent from each business was the person responsible for the request for training and for the evaluation of its effect on employees. Responses provided reasons for initial choice of the college as training provider, positive and negative outcomes of the training experience, identification of individual training goals and whether those goals were met, recommendations for the partnership, and thoughts around the future of the relationship and training needs of employees. The study found "cost" and "ability of the college to customize training" were the primary reasons the college was chosen to deliver training. Responsiveness, quality, and cost were most often cited as excellent factors when specific training programs were considered. Successful programs were customized to the business and delivered by an instructor with experience in the subject matter and the business world. Financial concerns, customer service, and marketing issues were seen as barriers to success. Training and retraining needs will continue to rise, and community colleges will be utilized as cost-effective deliverers. Internet-based courses were seen as a viable alternative for on-site delivery of coursework. While the thrust of the research was to obtain comments from business partners, as opposed to solely from college personnel, difficulties involved in eliciting responses from those business customers was also discussed.