The purpose of this thesis is to examine the initial adaptation process of North Korean refugee children in South Korean schools. This paper will seek to explore the perceptions, attitudes, perspectives of the South and North Korean peers as well as ...
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the initial adaptation process of North Korean refugee children in South Korean schools. This paper will seek to explore the perceptions, attitudes, perspectives of the South and North Korean peers as well as identify the disparities between the two groups and how these factors impact the adaptation process in the new academic and social setting and affect the identity of young refugees.
The overall number of North Korean refugees has multiplied since the latter half of the 1990s and with it, the number of young refugees with the proportionate increase of families defecting together. In 1997, South Korea established Hanawon, a facility to provide assistance to defectors with settlement in their new country, in which they spend the first two to three months. And with the growth in the number of young refugees, Hanawon began operating an alternative school Hana Dul School in 2001, to provide adaptation training for youths. This researcher conducted the research, teaching as a volunteer at this alternative school.
Young refugees between the ages 8 and 14 were enrolled in an elementary school near the Hanawon, where they began their initial studies among South Korean peers. This thesis was researched through a field work in this elementary school as well as a follow-up assessment of how well adjusted the students were in their respective environments once they were transferred to local schools after the initial two to three months. The research was conducted during the period extending a year from March 2001 through February 2002.
The findings of the research have been summarized as follows.
North Korean refugee children were uncomfortable and shy in the new culture they encountered. They suffered alienation, derived from age difference with peer groups in the grade level that they were assigned; discrepancy in academic performance levels; and barriers in communication and found it difficult to make friends. Normal and healthy interaction with fellow peers was difficult.
In order to train adaptation of the North Korean students , a special class was prepared and conducted at the elementary school. This class taught that North and South Koreans were the same ethnicity and emphasized the similarities between North and South. However, in reality, these students were experiencing in their daily lives a cultural gap between North and South and they were feeling the differences, not the similarities of the two. South Koreans viewed and treated the North Korean students differently with regards to the latters unfamiliar appearance and cultural behaviors and treated them with curiosity and sympathy.
After spending the first two to three months at Hanawon, North Korean students were transferred to their respective local elementary schools. Because their initial adaptation was unsuccessful, they prepare the plan of appropriate adaptation strategies, learning from their previous experiences. The basic adjustment strategy is that they hide the fact that they are from the North. Once they are in the newly transferred schools, these students resume life, hiding their identity as North Korean. And they live anxiously at the prospect of having their peers find out. If and when they are found out, they feel distant from their close friends and become hurt.
On the other side of these North Korean refugee children hiding their identity, there is the desire to become a genuine South Korean. They attempt to assimilate by hiding the factors that differentiate them from their South Korean peers. But As their origin is discovered, their efforts to become one of the South Koreans reach its limits.
Young refugees come to realize that in order to advance their academic performance in the South, academic institutes rather than school is more important. Also, they see the peer group ostracism prevalent in school and realize that they can become a target or victim. They observe the incomprehensible situations in which students who excel academically and those who are well liked by teachers are excluded among their peers. As a result, North Korean students refuse school education and choose voluntary resignation and head to a institute of qualification examination for their education. In essence, they accept and self-fulfill their positions as marginalized outsiders.
Keywords:
Young or teen North Korean refugees
Perception
Pride
Homogeneity, similarity
Heterogeneity, disparity or differences
Differentiation
Identity
adaptation strategy
Penetration & limitation/constraint/restraint
One nation/people/ethnicity
Hiding