Since the local elections in 2014, studies have been conducted on whether the early-voting system has mobilized voters who have previously abstained to polling stations. Most studies have argued that the mobilization effect (the effect of enhancing th...
Since the local elections in 2014, studies have been conducted on whether the early-voting system has mobilized voters who have previously abstained to polling stations. Most studies have argued that the mobilization effect (the effect of enhancing the turnout) is insignificant. This study has analyzed the mobilization effect of the early-voting system in a different way from previous studies, questioning the conclusion that there is little mobilization effect despite the continuous increase in voter turnout for each election.
In this study, in order to find out whether there is a mobilization effect, the purpose of introducing the early-voting system has been first identified. According to the National Election Commission's opinion on revising the Public Official Election Act, the early-voting system has been introduced to overcome the time and space limitations of the absentee voting system. The early-voting system was not introduced to allow voters who abstained due to political indifference, political distrust and disgust, or poor election efficacy. Even if the early-voting system is introduced, this political attitude of voters cannot be changed.
In order to analyze the mobilization effect according to the purpose of introducing the early-voting system, first, who and why abstained have been analyzed by election held from 2012 to 2022. The reasons why voters abstain are personal accidents and political attitudes. Personal accident refers to abstaining because one cannot vote due to reasons such as working on election day, going on a business trip, or having a different address and residence. Political attitude refers to not voting because of political indifference, political distrust and disgust, and poor election efficacy. The early-voting system is a system to allow voters who abstained due to personal accident to participate in voting. If the early-voting system mobilizes voters who abstained due to personal accident, the rate of abstention due to personal accident will decrease and the rate of abstention due to political attitude will increase after the introduction of the early-voting system.
In order to find out whether the early-voting system has achieved the mobilization effect, the reasons for abstention have been analyzed before and after the introduction of the early-voting system in the 2002-2022 parliamentary elections, presidential elections, and local elections. As a result of the analysis, the abstention rate due to personal accidents has decreased in the presidential elections, the parliamentary elections, and the local elections.
The abstention rate due to political attitudes has increased the most in the presidential elections, and the smallest increase in the local elections. The increase in the abstention rate due to political attitudes was also in the order of presidential elections, parliamentary elections, and local elections.
In order to find out whether the early-voting system has a mobilization effect, Model 1 is divided into pre-voters and election-day voters. And a binary logit regression analysis is conducted to determine whether socio-economic factors and election interest have affected to voting behavior. As a result of the analysis, unlike previous studies, it is found that they have affected to a difference between election day voters and pre-voters.
However, since Model 1 did not classify pre-voters into pre-voters with mobilization effects and pre-voters with convenience effects, Model 2 analyzes whether pre-voters with mobilization effects and pre-voters with convenience effects are the same or different voters. As a result of the analysis, the election with the most obvious difference between the pre-voter of mobilization effect and the pre-voter of convenience effect is the National Assembly elections. In the presidential and local elections, there are differences between pre-voters of mobilization effect and pre-voters of convenience effect only in one or two factors.
In Model 3, a binary logit regression analysis is conducted on the basis of election day voters. In all elections held from 2014 to 2022, pre-voters with convenience effects and pre-voters with mobilization effects differ from those with election day in terms of socioeconomic factors or election interest. In particular, it is found that there are differences in several factors in the presidential and parliamentary elections, and there are differences in one or two factors in the local elections.
Finally, this study has measured the mobilization effect of the early-voting system, that is, the effect of enhancing the turnout, for each election. The mobilization effect recorded 3.63%p in the local elections in 2014, 6.94%p in the 2016 parliamentary election, 7.96%p in the 2017 presidential election, 6.47%p in the 2018 local elections, 7.47%p in the 2020 parliamentary election, 5.67%p in the 2022 presidential election and 5.67%p in the 2022 local elections.
As such, the mobilization effect varies by election, which is the largest in the presidential election and the smallest in the local elections. The National Election Commission needs to implement policies to increase voters' interest in elections in order to enhance the mobilization effect in local elections. Some far-right forces have argued that the pre-voting system should be abolished, saying it was fraudulent and manipulated. In order to dispel these claims, the National Election Commission needs to strengthen its public relations function and actively inform that early-voting is not fraud or manipulation. Unlike foreign early-voting systems, Korea's early-voting system has an integrated electoral register that stores all voters nationwide in a single database, allowing voters to vote anywhere without reporting in advance. If countries around the world introduce a early-voting system in the same way as Korea's early-voting system, it will have a lot of effect on improving the turnout.