This thesis explores how the labor experience of transgender women (hereafter transwomen) is constructed in South Korea. Transwomen practice gender that is different from the gender assigned to them at birth and encounter their identity and practice i...
This thesis explores how the labor experience of transgender women (hereafter transwomen) is constructed in South Korea. Transwomen practice gender that is different from the gender assigned to them at birth and encounter their identity and practice in disaccord with socially dominant gender norms in various areas. In particular, labor is the area most important and most challenging for transwomen to survive and plan life, and practice their own gender.
In order to study the labor experience of these women, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with 10 transwomen and 1 transman in their 20s and 30s in various situations of employment who were recruited via online transgender communities. In addition, the researcher's experience in transgender human rights organizations in South Korea assisted in forming informal relationships with the participants. Transwomen's 20s and 30s are very crucial decades for their lives. It is during these decades they begin their working life to establish material base for the future and begin their gender performance, in earnest, as a transgender.
The transwomen generally enter the labor market in situations where their legally assigned sex is male and their gender as women is not yet legally recognized. The Korean labor market identifies laborers based on the resident registration number system. That system indicates sex by the number that begins an individual's registration code – 1 and 3 as men, and 2 and 4 as women. Transwomen are identified based on this number. Once the gap between the assigned sex indicated by legal documents and the practiced gender is revealed, the body of transwomen is interpreted as an 'inappropriate body' that goes against the norm. Transwomen, under this circumstance, fail to secure employment and are driven to vulnerable labor conditions. One way to solve this problem is to acquire legal status and citizenship that conforms to their gender. In this case, legal gender recognition becomes more important as a measure to cope with vulnerability in the labor market. However, legal gender recognition in Korea involves blanket imposition of excessive number of requirements spanning from the removal of reproductive capacity and genital surgery to other medical procedures. The overwhelming cost of transition is left to each individual's capacity. Many transwomen seek to raise the money needed to attain their proper legal status through wage labor. However, since they do not have a legal status as a woman, these women are forced out to work under insecure conditions and are threatened in a vicious cycle of delayed gender reassignment surgery followed by deferred legal transition.
In such a situation, transwomen use various strategies in the employment process and at the workplace to secure their labor stability. To enter the labor market, they use the strategies of disguise, coming out and persuasion in accordance with their own situations. How or whether their gender is interpreted by others becomes an important measure in deciding which of the gender images they should represent. As a result, most of them are considered to be non-trans woman or non-trans man in the workplace and are placed accordingly. They hide, express, deceive or persuade conforming to the gender norms their workplace identifies and expects of them. In addition, they cope with their precarious labor conditions by actively demonstrating their competence as a productive subject in the labor market at which gender normativity and meritocracy intersects; they develop and mobilize educational capital, foreign language skills and expertise, and sign up for over-commitment to work despite all the discrimination and absurdity at work. Another strategy is to seek jobs and employments that offer a particular type of stability and security allowing them to keep critical distance from institutionalized norms.
How the transwomen of this research live their lives involves a concurrent and complex performance of the following: searching for a comfortable way to practice gender, responding to precarious labor conditions, and obtaining appropriate legal gender and citizenship. This is a lifetime and everyday struggle of creating a place to live as a woman in the intersection of labor norms and dominant gender system. By paying attention to the social contradiction and the complexity of gender performance revealed in their experiences, this thesis intervenes in the discourse of gender that neglects the question of survival and life, and questions the gender classification and norms that are assumed in workplace. It also criticizes the institutionalized gender norms of the Korean state which violates the individuals' body. The current Korean society renders diverse forms of life impossible and approves only a specific form of life to be worthwhile. The empirical research on the social life of transwomen is an important political project that can expand the social knowledge of gender diversity which will criticize and change the current one in the process.