Perspectives on the energy crisis

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = 1
• (By the Editors)
• Various aspects of the energy crisis explored in this book are examined with particular attention to current energy circumstances and future energy prospects.
• THE ENERGY GAP = 7
• (Introductory section from Exploring Energy Choices, A Preliminary Report of the Ford Foundation's Energy Policy Project)
• The dimensions of crisis are described with analyses of domestic and commercial energy consumption rates. The facts and Figures of U.S. energy use in transportation are explored. Oil realities of the 1970s and the reasons for the gap between supply and
• demand are covered.
• THE U.S. ENERGY PROBLEM = 13
• (Prepared for the Research Applied to National Needs [RANN] Program of the National Science Foundation)
• Volume Ⅰ
• All aspects and modes of energy are studied and detailed cost analyses presented to aid energy decisions. Energy projections to the year 2040 are undertaken. Conclusion : "The nation needs to make cost-effective use of one of its most precious resources
• : innovative brainpower."
• U.S. ENERGY STATUS AND OUTLOOK = 41
• (Prepared for the Research Applied to National Needs [RANN] Program of the National Science Foundation)
• U.S. energy consumption and supply are portrayed with particular attention to the impact of a rise in the cost of electricity : what it means in the future for the percentage of the GNP devoted to electrical energy to reach approximately 7.5% by the yea
• r 2040. Present and future energy forecast tables with source references.
• PROJECT INDEPENDENCE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 67
• (Executive Summary Prepared by the Federal Energy Administration)]
• In this overview of the U.S. energy problem, assessment is given through 1985 in terms of current practices and policies. Energy options are discussed and compared with regard to supply, conservation, and management. Evaluation of alternate energy contr
• ibutions through 1985. Attention to U.S. energy vulnerabilities. Reference tables document positions and predictions
• PROJECT INDEPENDENCE : An Historical Perspective = 109
• (Final Task Force report prepared by the Federal Energy Administration)
• Historical background information in conjunction with the U.S. energy independence goal. Historical perspectives both internationally and nationally regarding all significant energy sources, current and prospective. Focus on understanding governmental a
• nd public policies that created the energy situation of the 1970s. The historical reasons we are where we are.
• HISTORY OF FEDERAL ENERGY ORGANIZATION = 149
• (Analysis for the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, United States Senate)
• A profile of energy use and development since the mid-nineteenth century to the present, with an account of growth from simplicity and limited needs to complexity and insatiable needs. Background on the U.S. government's involvement in energy developmen
• ts and decisions. Detailed historical survey of governmental energy policies.
• THE ENERGY OUTLOOK : Ways To Go = 165
• (By Ronald K. Jurgen and Gordon D. Friedlander, from IEEE Spectrum, 11(3) : March, 1974)
• A hardheaded look at energy realities with emphasis on conservation and inspiration to achieve energy balance, efficiency, and expansion. The case is made for a Federal Department of Energy.
• A RATIONAL ENERGY POLICY = 171
• (Report by Coleman Raphael, President, Atlantic Research Corporation)
• The energy crisis is not new. Ten factors are discussed as reasons for increasing public attention to a continuing problem of power shortages. Causes of crisis and energy alternatives are frankly analyzed. Seventeen conclusions are offered as bases for
• a rational energy policy in the U.S.
• UNITED STATES ENERGY THROUGH THE YEAR 2000 = 187
• (By Walter G. Dupree, Jr. and James A. West, Forecast from the U.S. Department of the Interior)
• Energy forecasts are made to the end of the century. Useful tables are provided on various aspects of consumption in terms of energy types, areas of application, and economic impact. Energy options are reviewed on the basis of forecasts for the last qua
• rter of the century.
• THE ECONOMICS OF ENERGY : Alternative Strategies for Conserving a Dwindling Regional Resource = 225
• (Tris-State Planning Commission : Connecticut, New Jersey, New York)
• This regional emphasis on electrical and oil consumption, with use increasing faster than supply, examines conservation necessities and programs. Though regional in scope, the facts and strategies are clearly applicable to other regions. The pragmatic s
• pecifics of conservation are outlined.
• WORLD ENERGY AND WORLD ECONOMY = 233
• (Prepared for the Research Applied to National Needs [RANN] Program of the National Science Foundation)
• The U.S. Energy Problem, Volume Ⅱ
• International energy consumption and energy economics are covered on a country by country basis in a series of tables (per capita energy consumption, electrical energy as a percentage of Gross National Product, and related tables, based on 1968 worldwid
• e figures).
• EPA'S POSITION ON THE ENERGY CRISIS = 245
• (Report by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
• The EPA defends itself against accusations of helping cause the energy crisis. Here is a review of energy use data and the relation-ships between environmental issues and energy issues. How EPA regulations have affected energy problems and what the EPA
• is doing to reduce problems are covered. How energy facts of life may change U.S. lifestyles is discussed with attention to transportation, land use, and residential possibilities.
• IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE ENERGY CRISIS = 249
• (By T. W. Bendixen and G. L. Huffman for the Environmental Protection Agency)
• Discussion of the effect on energy use and availability because of environmental considerations. The point is made that any energy use or restrictions attributable to environmental requirements have been relatively insignificant, with "the public's cont
• inually escalating demand for energy" probably the central reason for an energy crisis. Energy consumption tables and general background information lead to the conclusion that there is an energy cost for environmental quality, but that "it is relatively
• small" and is "well worth the price."
• ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE WORLD, U.S.AND CANADA : Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Uranium, Fusion Energy, Hydrogen Energy ; Energy Consumption and Projections for Future Requirements ; Energy Problems ; Specific Recommendations = 257
• (By R. W. Sullivan, et al., A Brief Overview of the Energy Requirements of the Department of Defense)
• The thesis is presented that there is no overall shortage of energy through the end of the century, though significant trends in distribution, implementation, and types of energy must occur to make this prediction true. short-range(1970-1985) and long-r
• ange(1990 and beyond) prospects are examined for individual energy resources.
• ENERGY STATISTICS : A Supplement to the Summary of National Transportation Studies = 281
• (Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation)
• Statistics from numerous sources describe transport, production, processing, and consumption of energy. Section one includes figures on pipeline companies, tankers and U.S. total crude oil transport by method. Section two covers oil and natural gas avai
• lability, while section three analyzes the energy demands of transportation. Seventy-four pages of tables range from pipeline mileage to energy reserves to consumption statistics.
• RESIDENTIAL ENERGY PERSPECTIVES = 365
• (Prepared for the Research Applied to National Needs [RANN] Program of the National Science Foundation)
• The U.S. Energy Problem, Volume Ⅱ
• The vital importance of residential energy consumption in any energy program is assumed and the critical problem of waste is analyzed. Reducing waste and recovering energy are investigated on the basis of energy flow, incoming and outgoing. Diverse tabl
• es cover residential energy usage in terms of quantity, cost, individual appliances, as well as consumption patterns and trends. The mathematics of home energy use analysis are included.
• ENERGY RELATED MINERALS SUPPLY-DEMAND ANALYSIS : Aluminum, Chromium, Coal (Anthracite), Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Molybdenum, Natural Gas, Natural Gas Liquids, Nickel, Petroleum (Crude), Platinum-Group Metals, Tin, Tungsten, Uranium, Vanadium, Zin
• c = 391
• (Commodity Data Summaries-1974, Appendix 1 to Mining and Minerals Policy, Bureau of Mines)
• Key minerals are analyzed in terms of U.S. production and use with salient statistics over a five-year period. Import sources, tariff considerations, depletion allowances, events, trends, and issues are included, as well as government programs. World pr
• oduction and reserve figures are provided. Succinct but comprehensive profiles of each mineral make up this fact-filled report.
• STATUS OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES : Mining, Minerals, Metals, Mineral Reclamation = 421
• (Charts and Graphs from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior)
• How minerals serve the U.S. economy is graphically portrayed with diagrams and schematics. A breakdown of mineral values in the U.S. world production ; U.S. steel, aluminum, and refined petroleum related to world production ; U.S. imports / exports ; ma
• jor energy sources and consumption of energy by source ; supplies and uses of petroleum, natural gas, coal, uranium($$U_3$$$$O_8$$), iron, nonferrous metals, old scrap, plastics, major fertilizers, and major nonmetallic construction m
• aterials.
• THE RANN ENERGY PROGRAM = 439
• (Energy reports for the Research Applied to National Needs [RANN] Symposium of the National Science Foundation)
• These are authoritative background papers on energy systems, conservation, and various types of alternate energies receiving research emphasis. Current progress and future possibilities explored.
• SELECTED INFORMATION RESOURCES ON ENERGY = 483
• (From the National Referral Center, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress)
• Whom to contact and where (names, addresses, telephones) for specific information on all phases and aspects of energy. Both government and private sources are included.
• ENERGY CRISIS － AN OVERVIEW = 489
• (Reading list on energy from The Library of Congress)
• Texts, bibliographies, conference proceedings, government publications, journal classifications for energy subjects, representative journal articles, energy index guides for Government Reports, selected technical reports, motion pictures, and a list of
• additional sources. A helpful guide.
• ENERGY RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES : A Bibliography = 495
• (By Anatole Scaun, Science Reference Librarian, City College, The City University of New York, prepared for the Department of Geography, Columbia University, New York)
• This bibliography, one of the most comprehensive available, is divided into nine categories, and is the outgrowth of studies on world energy at Columbia University. In his preface, the Chairman of Geography at Columbia writes, "We hope that this bibliogr
• aphy will provide some useful guidelines to the fundamental quest for solutions to the worldwide energy problems."
• CONTENTS
• PART ONE － THE ENERGY OUTLOOK
• ENERGY AND RESOURCES : THERE IS NO CORNUCOPIA = 3
• (By C. B. Reed, Exploration Consultant, Former Consultant on Radioactive Waste Management to NAS－NRC)
• This original essay seeks to pinpoint current energy realities. Written especially for this volume, here is a frank analysis of mankind's position and prospects regarding critical energy and material resources. Statistical evidence is given why conserva
• tion seems imperative. The author discusses specific needs and difficult, but essential programs. Man's fortitude and courage will be challenged, he believes, but identifies steps and concerted efforts that would prolong some beneficial aspects of the pr
• esent era.
• MINERALS AND ENERGY FROM THE PUBLIC LANDS-AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT CONDITIONS = 11
• (Papers from the Rocky Mountain Energy-Minerals Conference, October 15-16, 1975, Billings, Montana)
• "America's Energy Dilemma : A Failure to Act" by Donald B. Craven. In a probing statement, the author regrets delays in establishing a coherent U.S. energy policy, and he stresses the necessity of compromise and cooperation in areas of conflict between
• energy and environmental concerns.
• "Good and Bad Gambles in the Search for Energy Independence" by Arlon R. Tussing, Consulting Economist to Senate Interior committee. The author summarizes prevailing energy assumptions, challenging their validity. Emphasis is placed on the need to exped
• ite new energy development, such as electricity from coal, to improve our chance of winning long-range energy gambles. Energy industries are advised to avoid public backlash.
• OUTPUT OF MINERALS AND FUELS SETS NEW VALUE RECORD IN 1976 = 17
• (U.S. Department of the Interior News Release, January 6, 1977)
• The percent increase and dollar amounts for 1976 record setting mineral and fuel output are given. It was the 18th record year in a row. These figures, showing a continuing pattern of growth in resource consumption, can be weighed in conjunction with ar
• guments by others that such consumption must be reduced and resource conservation instituted as a way of future life. In the case of some fuels, for instance, how many more record years can the U.S. afford?
• PLANNING AN ENERGY FUTURE = 27
• (From Introduction to Energy Technology by Marion L. Shepard, Jack B. Chaddock, Franklin H. Cocks, Charles M. Harman, School of Engineering, Duke University. Published by Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1976)
• In this 1976 book excerpt, professional engineers look with informed eyes at America's future energy options. They stress that neither conservation nor new energy supplies will suffice. "It seems abundantly clear that we shall be forced to do both," the
• y write. Applying the Systems Analysis approach variation known as Technology Assessment (TA), they study the years ahead in terms of energy consumption and what will be needed. Admitting the dimensions of the problem, they see technology as our best hop
• e for a solution to the energy challenge.
• A NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY － A CHALLENGE FOR NOW = 31
• (Series published by Mobil in March-April 1977)
• These energy arguments were published by the Mobil Oil Company as advertisements in The New York Times and other publications. Their purpose was to inform and convince the public concerning energy issues from the petroleum industry point of view. The po
• int is offered that we have a political crisis in the rational use and pricing of energy, that conservation alone will not work, that a free market will work. The inherent commitment of the petroleum industry to sell its products and make a profit is not
• glossed over. This commitment should not be forgotten in weighing these arguments. They are a significant part of current energy perspectives, of course, and must be considered.
• PART TWO － PETROLEUM － NATURAL GAS － ABUNDANT COAL
• ALASKAN OIL STARTS SOUTH-1977 REPORT = 45
• (By Roy Meador, Science Writer, Ann Arbor, Michigan)
• A report on the completion of the alaska oil pipeline by Alyeska and what it means. Where alaska oil will go, perhaps. How it will be used, maybe. The controversies, charges, and countercharges behind the most expensive and largest engineering construct
• ion enterprise in history. What was done in Alaska to protect the environment and what it cost. The significance of Alaska oil in America's energy future. All are considered in this journalistic look at the 800mile pipe and its consequences.
• OIL SHALES OF UNITED STATES － A REVIES = 49
• (From Science and Technology of Oil Shale, By T. F. Yen, Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Sciences and Medicine, University of Southern California. Published by Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1976)
• The long-range importance of oil shale in the full energy profile of the U.S. makes this information significant and useful. Dr. Yen's study is the most comprehensive and technically authoritative on the subject in half a century. In this review, the na
• ture and location of lil shale are discussed as well as the technology of economical recovery. A considerable reference list supplements and supports the author's data.
• WORLDWIDE PIPE LINE OUTLOOK － 1977 AND BEYOND = 55
• (Prepared by the Editorial Staff of Pipe Line Industry)
• International pipe line activities are reported for present and future reference. The scope of construction, with more than 172,000 kilometers planned or proposed, indicates the intensity of worldwide competition for remaining supplies of oil and gas. C
• onservationists, alternate energy advocates, and others with a sense of urgency about dwindling supplies of traditional fossil fuels, will learn from these figures. What they learn will be disturbing or inspiring, possibly both.
• LAKE ERIE NATURAL GAS : ANALYSIS OF SELECTED ISSUES = 63
• (Principal Authors : William Davis, Chief Energy Conservation Planner, and Mark Bagdon, Principal Energy Policy Analyst. Published March 14, 1977, by the New York State Energy Office)
• New York state natural gas consumption is 8th in the U.S., yet the state relies overwhelmingly on outside sources. This paper highlights the near critical scarcity of natural gas and the practicality of developing in-state sources. Impact of the severe
• 1977 winter is assessed. Ways to implement development and use of Lake Erie natural gas reserves are explored. This state study concisely presents the natural gas dilemma. By extrapolation it suggests the wide significance of a national problem as a take
• n-for-granted energy source reaches the point of dangerously short supply.
• CLEAN ENERGY FROM COAL = 69
• (Prepared by Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration)
• U.S. coal reserves represent energy sources sufficient for several hundred years, and methods of obtaining clean energy from coal are considered in terms of current status and future prospects. Coal liquefaction and gasfication, research projects at the
• Pittsburgh facility, are seen as practical future energy answers. Magnetohydrodynamic power is defined and described.
• COAL MINE EXPANSION STUDY = 87
• (Office of Coal Report, National Energy Information Center, Federal Energy Administration, May 1976)
• Where is coal being mined? Where will mining be increased? What coal production capacities can be achieved by 1980? By 1985? This study based on information provided by coal mining companies and government research tends to indicate what must be done to
• achieve the increased coal consumption that has become a foundation stone in every future energy program. A list of coal companies and their parent or controlling companies cooperating in this study is included.
• A STATEMENT OF CAPABILITIES AND COMMITMENTS = 123
• (By the Division of Energy, Department of Business and Economic Development and the Coal Extraction and Utilization Research Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois)
• The significance of coal production and research in Illinois is considered. The rationale is explored of a Coal Extraction and Utilization Research Center. Includes Coal-Related Maps for the U.S. and Illinois.
• THE 1976 ERDA IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION PROGRAM = 131
• (By P. R. Wieber, Acting Branch Chief, and A. P. Sikri, Chemical Engineer, In Situ Coil Gasification Branch, ERDA, from the Proceedings Second Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 10-12, 1976)
• A broad survey of in situ coal gasification is given, with historical background, current experimental directions, and reasonable expectations. Soviet advances are discussed, and U.S. efforts outlined. A useful bibliography is included.
• LLL IN SITU COAL GASIFICATION PROGRAM = 149
• (By D. R. Stephens, F. O. Beance, and R. W. Hill, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, from the Proceedings Second Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 10-12, 1976)
• The potential benefits of coal gasification are discussed, and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory experimental efforts described. The use of chemical explosives to produce in effect an underground packed-bed reactor is explained. Experimental problems an
• d prospects are summarized.
• THE ECONOMICS OF UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION = 161
• (By A. J. Moll, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, from the Proceedings Second Annual Underground Coal Gasification Symposium, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 10-12, 1976)
• Indispensable in assessing any energy program for current or future implementation is the full range of cost factors involved. This paper offers speculative economic analyses of underground coal gasification (UCG) with specific reference to the producti
• on of low-Btu gas from Wyoming coal. The author Concludes that the economics of UCG are potentially attractive.
• PART THREE － THE SOLAR INVITATION
• SOLAR ENERGY = 171
• (By Laurent Hodges and John Neff, A Report From the Iowa Energy Policy Council, June 1976)
• The sun, our constant thermonuclear furnace, is the subject of this conscientious report. A selective bibliography supplements sections on methods of using solar thermal energy, with brief accounts on wind, bioconversion, and the solar economy. Practica
• l application of these methods to conditions in Iowa is illustrated.
• THE WORLD'S LARGEST SOLAR-HEATED BUILDING = 187
• (News Report from Solar Heating & Cooling, April 1977)
• The structure is at the Shenandoah Solar Recreation Center and has been constructed through an ERDA grant to the Georgia Institute of Technology. The work of J. Richard Williams, Project Director, and his associates is described. Dr. Williams explains w
• hy effective use of solar collectors must involve conservation oriented designs rather than simply attaching them to conventional energy-inefficient structures. This ambitious project shows how the application of Known technology from the start of a buil
• ding project can make solar energy work to optimum effect.
• SOLAR ENERGY : TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION = 189
• (From Solar Energy : Technology and Applications, Revised Edition, by J. Richard Williams, Associate Dean for Research, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Published by Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1977)
• Solar energy is presented as a reality whose time has arrived for implementation and use. The dramatic figures for incoming solar energy provide convincing proof of the sun's awesome bounty, if the technology of utilizations is made available. Where sol
• ar energy development now is in terms of technology and costs is discussed. Tables of average daily solar radiations on a monthly basis for areas across the U.S. are given. For heating and cooling applications, solar energy is advocated now in many parts
• of the U.S. to replace nuclear and fossil fuel sources.
• ENERGY SITUATION OF PUERTO RICO : ENERGY INITIATIVES = 195
• (By the Office of Petroleum Fuels Affairs, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico)
• The unique Puerto Rican geographic suitability for research advances in various energy directions(ocean thermal, wind, solar) is indicated in these initiatives. Specific locations are named where individual initiatives may be implemented.
• APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HEATING AND COOLING OF BUILDINGS = 197
• (By Richard C. Jordan and Benjamin Y. H. Liu, University of Minnesota. From a publication of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.)
• A detailed survey is given in remarkably compact format of the centuries-long history of solar energy applications. From 1615 to the present, principal events in the development of solar energy and cooling are historically detailed from "Scotty's Castle
• "(1929) to contemporary solar residences. This paper convincingly demonstrates that solar awareness and utilization are not new, but part of a continuing process of development.
• PART FOUR － THE GEOTHERMAL POSSIBILITY
• ASSESSMENT OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES－1975 = 203
• (From Geological Survey Circular 726, United States Department of the Interior)
• Geothermal energies are prominent resources going to waste in many parts of the world and underutilized in others. The introduction and conclusion of this Geological Survey assessment are included here to show the directions currently being taken. Activ
• e development efforts are currently in progress. This information provides useful perspectives.
• INEL － IDAHO NATIONAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT = 225
• (Report on Advanced Energy Research Programs by the Energy Research and Development Administration)
• Energy projects reported on include geothermal, test reactors, water reactor safety, and reactor waste management. This desert facility, though little known to the public, has been a major center for energy studies and breakthroughs. (Usable quantities
• of electricity from nuclear sources were first achieved at INEL.)
• PART FIVE － FISSION － FUSION
• NUCLEAR POWER : THE FIFTH HORSEMAN = 257
• (Excerpts from Worldwatch Paper 6 The Worldwatch Institute, May 1976. Paper written by Denis Hayes)
• The author is a notable analyst of energy problems and critic of policies. This evaluation of nuclear power is part of a continuing reexamination. The pressing questions of nuclear safety and radioactive waste disposal resist easy answers. The facts and
• arguments in this study contribute usefully to a dialogue of persistent concern.
• NUCLEAR OPERATIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT = 263
• (By W. P. Bebbington, Atomic Energy Division, E. I. du pont de Nemours & Company, for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission)
• The Savannah River Plant nuclear activities are analyzed in terms of environmental safety and regular monitoring. Types of radioactive releases, possible accidents, and safety records are included. Conclusion : safe operation at nuclear sites has been o
• utstanding. This has not been the result of good luck, but of knowledge and conscientious safety practices.
• TWO HISTORICAL STATEMENTS ON NUCLEAR ENERGY = 287
• 1. Scientists' Statement on Energy Policy.
• 2. Invitation from the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility.
• These two much-quoted documents represent divergent points of view on nuclear energy. One group, including numerous Nobel Laureates, support nuclear expansion efforts. The other group, also with its Nobel winners, opposes for the reasons given. It is sa
• id that from the debate among reasonable men, truth emerges. On nuclear energy, the debate still proceeds.
• FUSION ENERGY = 291
• (By Roy Meador, From Future Energies, reprinted by Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1976. Fusion Energy Update, 1977)
• A scientific dream or a future answer to the energy dilemma of mankind? Fusion energy may be the first now, though developing technology might transform it into the latter sometime during the 21st century. Timetables are difficult to establish. But inte
• nsive research continues cooperatively among many nations. The expectation of fusion scientists is to prove feasibility in the 1980's and to accomplish controlled fusion reactions during the first quarter of the next century. How much is science fiction,
• how much is science prophecy, when fusion effort and prospects are described? This book excerpt and update give details of current progress and planned research. Expanded international investments in fusion technology are progressively occurring.
• PART SIX － CONSERVATION : A PERMANENT ENERGY PRESCRIPTION
• ENERGY CONSERVATION = 307
• (From Energy : 1976, Second Annual Report of the Iowa Energy policy Council)
• This is a useful discussion of the conservation challenge. It covers the background of the problem, transportation alternatives to reduce fuel use, effective steps to take in buildings and construction, and general recommendations to foster attitudes su
• pportive of energy frugality and care. The Iowa approach seems worthy of imitation generally.
• ENERGY CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS = 329
• (From the National Research council Canada News, Vol,ume 2, No.1, January 1977)
• A new Standing Committee on Energy Conservation in Buildings is announced for Canada. Its job will be to prepare standards for energy conservation in new buildings. The second news article covers a Canadian Building Congress which reached several speci
• fic conclusions on ways to meet the obligation of reducing energy waste in new and existing buildings.
• STRATEGY FOR SAVING GASOLINE BY SUBSTITUTING LOW PERFORMANCE ELECTRIC VEHICLES = 331
• (By Sumner Meyers, Institute of Public Administration, From Transportation Research Board, Special Report 169, National Academy of Sciences, 1975)
• Innovative ideas concerning wider use of electric-vehicles (EVs) are offered. Methods of overcoming current technological problems in EV construction are suggested. Substantial gasoline savings are predicted through the use of EVs. An EPA estimate is th
• at one million automobiles (17%) in Los Angeles could be changed to electrically powered vehicles without altering driver habits extensively. These arguments are part of a constantly growing effort to find reasonable alternatives to gasoline. Recognizing
• the economic difficulties, the author advocates special financing methods to encourage EV manufacture and use.
• HOME ENERGY CONSERVATION = 333
• (An Energy Saving Publication by the Iowa Energy Policy Council)
• This residential guide is written in nontechnical terms for the widest possible utilization. Though much of the information will be obvious to informed readers, the importance of the data warrants this elementary review. It is a good example of efforts
• applied at the state level to encourage responsible energy use. What is being tried in Iowa is being duplicated in whole or part by other states. The stress is on conservation as an essential ingredient in any energy program.
• INDUSTRY EFFORTS IN ENERGY CONSERVATION = 337
• (Printed at the Direction of Senator Warren G. Magnuson, for the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate)
• One hundred of the largest U.S. industrial corporations were invited to comment on the extent and nature of their voluntary efforts to conserve energy. The corporations contacted (by letter from Senator Magnuson) and those replying are listed. A selecti
• on from the initial group of replies is included to indicate the seriousness with which American industry has sought to meet its obligations to reduce energy use and upgrade energy use efficiencies. Most of the replies from other industries were similarl
• y detailed and thorough.
• ENERGY CONSERVATION － 1977 STATUS REPORT = 343
• (By Roy Meador, Science Writer, Ann Arbor, Michigan)
• Where do we stand in 1977 on the vital challenge of conservation? What will conservation cost? When will conservation start? Can the American energy consumer ever go on a rational energy diet? How will it happen? How can it be made to happen? Some quest
• ions, some answers on perhaps the most critical issue in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
• PART SEVEN － REGIONAL AND NATIONAL DIRECTIONS
• IMPROVING COORDINATION IN ENERGY RD&D = 347
• (Northwestern States Workshop Report by Roland R. Kessler, April 19, 1977)
• The Workshop was held in Boise, Idaho, March 8-10, 1977 for the purpose of achieving greater coordination between ERDA and the states, with particular emphasis on Solar and Geothermal Programs. Various aspects of ERDA's "locked in" approach are criticiz
• ed, and specific suggestions made. ERDA should "regionalize" further, strive for grater flexibility, show hospitality to new ideas. A "National Center for Appropriate Technology" mentioned.
• A PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENERGY FUTURE OF THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES = 351
• (By Joel Brainard, Harry Davitian, Richard Goettle IV, and Philip F. Palmedo. Sections from the June 1976 publication of the Policy Analysis Division, National Center for Analysis of Energy Systems, Brookhaven National Laboratory)
• This is a comprehensive energy profile for an area with ramifications nationally. The energy consumption patte군 of the Northeast affect costs and supplies throughout the U.S. and even worldwide. The relationship between historical trends and mankind's
• current energy position is explained. Energy supply realities are analyzed. The necessity of increased conservation is documented. After the year 2000, what? This question is raised in connection with energy. Finding the answer looms as our paramount hum
• an concern.
• ENERGY RESOURCES COORDINATOR = 375
• (Report by Hawaii Department of Planning and Economic Development)
• Hawaiian energy research and development concentrate on three alternate energies for which the islands are especially well-equipped to make progress : geothermal, wind, bioconversion. Solar radiation is already contributing, and descriptions are given o
• f solar projects in Hawaii. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a fifth alternate with promising technology being developed.
• THE ELECTRIC ENERGY PICTURE OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST = 391
• (Report from the Bonneville Power Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior, May 1976)
• The Pacific Northwest of the U.S. is noted as one of the world's outstanding hydroelectric development areas. This report considers electric usage in the Pacific Northwest in the context of worldwide energy demands and use. A pattern of growth in both d
• emand and output is seen for the future. Achieving necessary output to meet the demand has introduced the need for thermal generation of energy to supplement hydroecectric sources, now near capacity.
• THE NATIONAL ENERGY PLAN = 415
• (Executive Office of the President, Energy Policy and Planning, April 29, 1977)
• Less than four months after taking office, after a winter of intensive energy crisis in the U.S., the administration of President Jimmy Carter proposed a far-reaching energy plan for the U.S. Conservation and energy efficiency are the main building bloc
• ks of the plan. Current analyses of energy realities and prospects are included. The complexity of the energy problem and political considerations made it quickly apparent that the energy plan as a whole would not be swiftly adopted in the U.S. Some part
• s probably will never be enacted. The information offered in the plan is crucial, however, to whatever energy moves are made in the future. The plan offers useful reference material as well as guidance on essential energy data.
• THE MINERAL SHORTAGE AND WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT = 447
• (By elburt F. Osborn, Distinguished Professor, Carnegie Institution, Washington, D. C., the Thirteenth Hugh Exton McKinstry Memorial Lecture, Harvard University, April 19, 1977)
• A former director of the Bureau of Mines, the author is qualified to report authoritatively on the growing mineral shortages that inevitably follow rapid growth in mineral and energy use. The status and prospect for gas, oil, coal are given, with emphas
• is on the need for expanded coal use and research. Author's conclusion : "It certainly is time that we stopped listening to dreamers." The necessity for long-range planning is noted.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENERGY RESOURCES = 455
• (By Anatole Scaun, Assistant Science and Technology Librarian, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
• Energy concerns are global and the citations gathered here reflect this. This bibliography contains writings on all aspects of energy and energy resources including both conventional and nonconventional, renewable and nonrenewable. Much of the material
• included reflects social, economic, environmental, legislative, political and technical concerns. It represents a cross-section of selected materials the may be found in a research library and is suitable for a side range of readers.