Early urban planning : 1870-1940

목차 (Table of Contents)

• [Volume. 1]----------
• CONTENTS
• Introduction = 1
• Ⅰ. The Town­Coutry Magnet = 12
• Ⅱ. The Revenue of Garden City, and how it is obtained ­The Agricultural Estate = 20
• Ⅲ. The Revenue of Garden City ­Town Estate = 31
• Ⅳ. The Revenue of Garden City ­General Observations on its Expenditure = 36
• Ⅴ. Further Details of Expenditure on Garden City = 51
• Ⅵ. Administration = 63
• Ⅶ. Semi­Municipal Enterprise ­Local Option ­Temperance Reform = 72
• Ⅷ. Pro­Municipal Work = 82
• Ⅸ. Administration ­A Bird's Eye View = 91
• Ⅹ. Some Difficulties Considered = 94
• XI. A Unique Combination of Proposals = 102
• XII. The Path followed up = 116
• XIII. Social Cities = 128
• XIV. The Future of London = 142
• APPENDIX ­ Water­Supply = 153
• INDEX = 169
• [Volume. 2]----------
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• Ⅰ. A NEW DAY FOR CITIES = 3
• Ⅱ. WHAT CIVIC ART IS = 24
• THE CITY'S FOCAL POINTS
• Ⅲ. THE WATER APPROACH = 39
• Ⅳ. THE LAND APPROACH = 59
• Ⅴ. THE ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE = 81
• IN THE BUSINESS DISTRICT
• Ⅵ. THE STREET PLAN OF THE BUSINESS DISTRICT = 101
• Ⅶ. ARCHITECTURE IN THE BUSINESS DISTRICT = 123
• Ⅷ. THE FURNISHINGS OF THE STREET = 138
• Ⅸ. ADORNING WITH FOUNTAINS AND SCULPTURE = 166
• IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS
• Ⅹ. STREET PLOTTING AMONG THE HOMES = 187
• XI. ON GREAT AVENUES = 206
• XII. ON MINOR RESIDENTIAL STREETS = 228
• XIII. AMONG THE TENEMENTS = 245
• THE CITY AT LARGE
• XIV. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING = 271
• XV. OPEN SPACES = 287
• XVI. PARKWAYS = 307
• XVII. DISTRIBUTION AND LOCATION OF PARKS = 321
• XVIII. PARK DEVELOPMENT = 337
• XIX. TEMPORARY AND OCCASIONAL DECORATION = 355
• INDEX = 377
• [Volume. 3]----------
• CONTENTS
• 1. THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES = 1
• 2. THE POPULATION­MAP AND ITS MEANING = 25
• 3. WORLD­CITIES AND THEIR OPENING COMPETITION = 46
• 4. PALEOTECHNIC AND NEOTECHNIC = 60
• 5. WAYS TO THE NEOTECHNIC CITY = 84
• 6. THE HOMES OF THE PEOPLE = 109
• 7. THE HOUSING MOVEMENT = 144
• 8. TRAVEL AND ITS LESSONS FOR CITIZENSHIP = 161
• 9 A TOWN­PLANNING TOUR IN GERMANY = 176
• 10. GERMAN ORGANISATION AND ITS LESSONS = 192
• 11. HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING IN RECENT PORGRESS = 222
• 12. TOWN PLANNING AND CIVIC EXHIBITION = 246
• 13. EDUCATION FOR TOWN PLANNING, AND THE NEED OF CIVICS = 295
• 14. THE STUDY OF CITIES = 313
• 15. THE SURVEY OF CITIES = 329
• CITIES IN EVOLUTION
• 16. CITY SURVEY FOR TOWN PLANNING PURPOSES, OF MUNICIPALITIES AND GOVERNMENT = 339
• 17. THE SPIRIT OF CITIES = 359
• 18. ECONOMICS OF CITY BETTERMENT = 376
• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION = 393
• SUGGESTIONS AS TO BOOKS = 403
• INDEX = 407
• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ； Edinburgh, looking from Princes Street toward Castle and Old Town.
• 1. Salisbury : Plan in eighteenth century = 5
• 2. Salisbury : Diagram of original lay­out = 6
• 3. Salisbury : Modern haphazard building = 7
• 4. Edinburgh : Reconstruction of old High Street house = 9
• 5. Edinburgh : Court in Canongate = 10
• 6. Edinburgh : Grassmarket = 11
• 7. St Nicolas, Belgium, showing large central space for markets, etc. = 12
• 8. Oxford : Plan of, 1578 = 14
• 9. Edinburgh : Upper High Street = 17
• 10. and 11. Population­map of United Kingdom, with inset of coalfields = 23
• 12. Greater London = 27
• 13. Lancashire towns agglomerating as "Lancaston" = 31
• 14. Midland towns agglomerating as "Midlandton" = 36
• 15. Clyde and Forth towns agglomerating as "Clyde­Forth" = 40
• 16. Miners' cottages ­ Cardiff : fronts = 70
• 17. Miners' cottages ­ Cardiff : backs = 71
• 18. Miners' cottages ­ Woodlands, Yorkshire : fronts = 72
• [Volume. 4]----------
• CONTENTS
• LIST OF FIGURES AND DIAGRAM IN TEXT = ⅶ
• LIST OF SUBJECTS ILLUSTRATED BY PLATES = xi
• LIST OF TABLES = xv
• Ⅰ. INTRODUCTORY = 1
• Ⅱ. THE CITY PLANNING MOVEMENT = 8
• Ⅲ. THE CORRECTION OF MISTAKES = 27
• Ⅳ. ELEMENTS OF A CITY PLAN = 44
• Ⅴ. THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM = 54
• Ⅵ. THE STREET SYSTEM = 86
• Ⅶ. PARKS AND RECREATION FACILITIES = 130
• Ⅷ. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND CIVIC CENTERS = 149
• Ⅸ. THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF A CITY PLAN = 175
• Ⅹ. THE INDUSTRIAL TOWN OR DISTRICT = 186
• XI. STREET TRAFFIC = 200
• XII. STREET DETAILS ­ UTILITY AND ADORNMENT = 220
• XIII. THE RAILROAD IN ITS RELATION TO THE STREET SYSTEM = 247
• XIV. RESTRICTIONS = 260
• XV. THE ENVIRONS OF THE CITY = 286
• XVI. GARDEN CITIES = 299
• XVII. CITY PLANNING LEGISLATION = 320
• XVIII. PROGRESS AND METHODS = 338
• XIX. FINANCING A CITY PLAN = 359
• XX. MUNICIPAL LAND POLICIES = 389
• XXI. THE OPPORTUNITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MUNICIPAL ENGINEER = 404
• SOURCES OF INFORMATION = 413
• INDEX = 415
• [Volume. 5]----------
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = xv
• Ⅰ. PLANNING THE SMALL COMMUNITY ； Industrial and Social Tendencies towards Lesser Population Centers = 1
• Ⅱ. TOWN DEVELOPMENT ； Historic and Modern Examples = 13
• Ⅲ. RESHAPING AN INDUSTRIAL TOWN ； Walpole, Massachusetts = 31
• Ⅳ. AN INDUSTRIAL CITY BUILT TO ORDER ； Kingsport, Tennessee = 50
• Ⅴ. A VILLAGE FOR FACTORY WORKERS ； Kistler, Pennsylvania = 66
• Ⅵ. AN OLD SEACOAST TOWN ； Cohasset, Massachusetts = 75
• Ⅶ. A WAR EMERGENCY PROJECT ； Union Park Gardens = 89
• Ⅷ. A HIGH­CLASS RESIDENTIAL SUBURB ； Myers Park = 100
• Ⅸ. A WHOLESALE MIGRATION FROM CITIES IN PROSPECT ； Mariemont as an Example = 111
• Ⅹ. NEW COMMUNITIES PLANNED TO MEET NEW CONDITIONS = 133
• APPENDICES
• A. List of the More Important City Planning Reports of Towns and Small Cities. = 159
• B. Brief List of the Most Useful and Available Books on Town and City Planning = 168
• [Volume. 6]----------
• CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION = 22
• The Large City and the Local Community = 22
• The Purpose of this Study = 23
• Ⅰ. WHY A NEIGHBORHOOD PLAN? = 25
• Family Life Makes Special Demands on Environment = 25
• Neighborhood Deficiencies Not Necessary = 25
• Why Neighborhoods Are Defective = 27
• Neighborhood Definition Being Forced by the Automobile = 30
• The Rising Demand for Quality in Housing Environment = 31
• Ⅱ. THE NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT = 34
• Neighborhood­Unit Principles = 34
• Low­Cost Suburban Development = 37
• Character of District = 37
• Population and Housing = 37
• Open Spaces = 37
• Community Center = 37
• Shopping Districts = 37
• Street System = 37
• A Neighborhood Unit for an Industrial Section = 39
• The Functional Dispositions = 39
• Housing Density = 39
• Recreation Spaces = 40
• Community Center = 40
• Shopping Districts = 41
• Economic Aspects = 41
• Apartment­House Unit = 41
• Population = 41
• Environment = 41
• Street System = 41
• Open Spaces = 41
• Community Center = 42
• Apartment Pattern = 42
• Five­Block Apartment­House Unit = 42
• Locality = 42
• Ground Plan = 43
• Accommodations = 44
• Height = 44
• Ⅲ. SIZE AND BOUNDARIES = 45
• Service Spheres in Single­Family Areas = 45
• School Travel Distance = 45
• Playground Radius = 45
• Shopping Distance = 46
• Population Desirable for Elementary School = 46
• The Ideal Standard = 47
• Size of Schools Being Built = 47
• Ratio of Pupils to Population = 49
• Housing Density and Area = 50
• Considerations of Safety = 51
• General Circulation and Closed Cells = 52
• Area and Residential Characteristics = 52
• Psychical Aspects of Residential "Tone" = 52
• "Character" and Development Management = 53
• The Preservation of "Character" = 53
• Area and Local Organization = 55
• Variations from the Standard Size = 56
• Size of Apartment­House Units = 58
• Physical Limits of the Unit = 59
• Means of Demarcation = 60
• Ⅳ. PARK AND RECREATION SPACES = 61
• Area Relations = 61
• Disposition of Open Space and Administration = 64
• School Board Administration = 66
• Interior­Block Play Spaces = 66
• Central Deteriorated Areas = 69
• A Progressive Municipal Policy = 71
• Ⅴ. COMMUNITY CENTER = 72
• The Size of the School Site = 72
• Churches = 73
• Other Institutions = 74
• Ⅵ. SHOPPING DISTRICTS = 76
• Kinds of Local Shops = 76
• Space Required = 80
• Location = 81
• Ⅶ. STREET SYSTEM = 84
• Boundary Streets = 84
• Interior Streets = 85
• Apartment­House Units = 87
• Summary = 88
• Ⅷ. FOREST HILLS GARDENS AS A NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITY = 90
• Boundaries = 90
• Street System = 91
• Parks and Open Spaces = 91
• Business District = 92
• Housing and Population = 93
• Local Associations = 94
• Gardens Corporation = 96
• Evaluation of the Plan = 97
• Ⅸ. APPLYING THE UNIT SCHEME IN THE SUBURBS = 101
• The Use of Eminent Domain = 103
• The Municipal Control of Platting = 104
• Ⅹ. REPLANNING CENTRAL DETERIORATED AREAS = 106
• Traffic Arrangements = 109
• Shops and Garages = 110
• Organization of the Project = 110
• Possibilities in Lower East Side = 110
• XI. THE UNIT SCHEME AS AN AID TO EXISTING NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITIES = 114
• Why Residence Zones Are Defective = 114
• The Neighborhood Unit as a Zoning Aid = 115
• Laying the Unit Pattern on Brooklyn Streets = 116
• Zoning Sparsely Settled Regions = 117
• As an Instrument in Local Civic Effort = 119
• The Social Values = 120
• XII. THE NEIGHBORHOOD COMMUNITY ­WHY IT SHOULD BE NOURISHED = 123
• Civic Benefits = 123
• Moral and Social Values = 126
• APPENDICES
• A. PUBLIC EDUCATION AND SCHOOL BUILDING FACILITIES = 130
• B. THE FOREST HILLS GARDENS DEVELOPMENT = 132
• [Volume. 7]----------
• CONTENTS
• PART Ⅰ : THE BACKGROUND
• Ⅰ. PLANNING OR LAISSEZ­FAIRE = 9
• Ⅱ. HISTORIC EXAMPLES : ANCIENT（EGYPTIAN, GREEK, ROMAN, MEDIEVAL） = 28
• Ⅲ. HISTORIC EXAMPLES : MODERN（RENAISSANCE AND NINETEENTH CENTURY） = 53
• Ⅳ. INTERNATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODERN SUBJECT = 87
• PART Ⅱ : THE PRACTICE OF TOWN PLANNING
• Ⅰ. THE OBJECTS AND SCOPE = 103
• Ⅱ. A THEORY OF CIVIC PLANNING : REGIONAL STUDIES = 113
• Ⅲ. THE SURVEY = 128
• Ⅳ. THE PLAN : ZONING ­COMMUNICATIONS ­OPEN SPACES ­COMMUNITY GROUPING = 137
• Ⅴ. THE PLAN : SPECIAL ASPECTS ­THE CENTRE ­HOUSING ­ARCHITECTURE AND AMENITIES ­ WIND AND SUN = 151
• Ⅵ. LEGAL POWERS AND PERSUASIVE PLANNING = 167
• PART Ⅲ : COUNTRY PLANNING AND PRESERVATION
• Ⅰ. THE ENGLISH COUNTRYSIDE : ITS FORMATION AND STUDY = 177
• Ⅱ. COUNTRY PLANNING = 199
• Ⅲ. THE COUNTRY AS AMENITY : THE WILD AND THE TAME = 217
• Ⅳ. RURAL PRESERVATION : DISFIGUREMENT = 228
• BIBLIOGRAPHY = 249
• INDEX = 253
• [Volume. 8]----------
• CONTENTS
• FOREWORD / FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT = 5
• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS = 13
• AUTHOR'S PREFACE = 19
• INTRODUCTION = 21
• Object of City Planning = 22
• Scientific Basis of City Planning = 23
• The Art of City Planning = 23
• Problems in City Planning = 25
• Public Policy and Leadership = 26
• The City Planner and Practice = 27
• PART Ⅰ EARLY EFFORTS IN TOWN AND CITY PLANNING
• CHAPTER Ⅰ ANCIENT CITY PLANNING = 33
• In Egypt, Asia, and America = 34
• Egyptian and Mesopotamian Cities = 34
• Indian Cities = 42
• Chinese Cities = 46
• Kyoto（Heian）, Japan = 51
• Maya Cities in Central America = 52
• City Planning in the Greek and Roman Empires = 52
• Greek Cities = 54
• Macedonian Cities = 57
• Roman Cities = 59
• Later Roman Cities = 61
• Roman Provincial Cities = 63
• Gibbon on Roman Cities = 70
• Principles of Vitruvius = 71
• Choice of Site = 73
• Plans of Cities = 74
• Building and Zoning = 76
• CHAPTER Ⅱ CITY PLANNING IN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
• General Conditions = 78
• City Building after 1000 A.D = 82
• Teutonic Cities = 82
• French Cities = 84
• Belgian Cities = 90
• The Alhambra of the Moors in Spain = 90
• English Cities = 91
• CHAPTER Ⅲ CITY PLANNING DURING AND AFTER THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
• The Fifteenth Century Revival = 97
• Civic Art in European Countries = 99
• Italy = 100
• France = 101
• England and Scotland = 106
• Germany and Austria = 114
• Special Examples in Other Countries = 116
• Early Planning in America = 118
• New England Towns = 118
• The Southern States = 122
• Philadelphia = 123
• Manhattan Island = 124
• L'Enfant's Plan of Washington = 125
• Other Early Plans = 128
• CHAPTER Ⅳ SIGNIFICANCE OF EARLY EFFORTS IN CITY PLANNING
• Ancient Cities = 133
• Mediaeval Cities = 136
• Renaissance Cities = 138
• PART Ⅱ MODERN PHASES OF URBAN GROWTH AND CITY PLANNING
• CHAPTER Ⅴ FORMATIVE INFLUENCES OF MODERN CIVIC GROWTH
• Trails of Invention = 143
• Political Developments = 144
• Social Tendencies Affecting Land Development = 147
• General Trends = 147
• Migratory Tendencies of Labor = 150
• Transportation, Centralization, and Migratory Expansion = 153
• Traffic Congestion and Building Uses and Densities = 155
• Theories Regarding Land Values = 158
• Sanitation and Aesthetic Appreciation = 159
• Conclusion = 159
• CHAPTER Ⅵ DEVELOPMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1900
• 1830 to 1840 = 161
• 1840 to 1870 = 163
• 1870 to 1900 = 169
• Emergence of the Modern City Planning Movement = 172
• Sanitation, Housing, and Park Systems = 173
• Planning New Towns and Subdivisions = 176
• Architectural Development of Public Buildings and Places = 179
• Transportation, Transit, and Traffic = 182
• CHAPTER Ⅶ NEW FORCES IN URBAN GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES
• Increase of Urban Growth = 186
• Transit and Traffic = 187
• Building = 189
• Government = 193
• Finance = 193
• Aesthetic and Recreational Features = 195
• CHAPTER Ⅷ CITY PLANNING IN THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1900 AND 1909
• Beginnings of Comprehensive Planning = 197
• Washington Plan of 1901 = 198
• Civic and Transportation Centers = 200
• Manila and Other Burnham Plans, 1905 to 1906 = 201
• Chicago Plan of 1907 to 1909 = 202
• Inspirational Value of Mr. Burnham's Work = 204
• A Different Approach to City Planning = 206
• CHAPTER Ⅸ RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CITY PLANNING IN THE UNITED STATES
• National Conferences = 208
• City Planning Administration = 209
• Progress in Making City Plans = 211
• Typical Master Plans = 213
• Development of Regional Planning = 220
• State and National Planning = 225
• State Activities = 225
• National Leadership = 226
• Planning of New Towns, Villages, and Neighborhoods = 230
• Planning of Government, Civic, and Transportation Centers = 233
• Terminal Centers and Stations = 240
• Reconstruction Plans = 241
• Partial City Planning = 242
• Zoning Plans = 242
• Thoroughfare Plans = 244
• Park Plans = 245
• Legislation = 247
• Education and Literature = 249
• CHAPTER Ⅹ TOWN PLANNING OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
• Introductory = 252
• British Town Planning Acts and Schemes = 253
• Principal Phases of Town Planning = 255
• Means of Communication = 255
• Architectural Design and Control = 258
• Open Spaces and Preservation of Natural Beauty = 264
• Zoning = 266
• Housing and Sanitation = 268
• The Garden City Movement = 273
• Advisory and Statutory Planning = 276
• Progress in Regional Planning = 276
• Progress in Town Planning = 278
• New Town and Village Plans = 282
• Educational Agencies and Professional Practice = 284
• Concluding Observations = 285
• CHAPTER XI AIMS AND METHODS OF MODERN CITY PLANNING IN AMERICA
• National and State Policies = 287
• Regional and Civic Surveys = 290
• Studies of Elements = 291
• Mapping = 294
• Importance of Analysis = 294
• Three Types of Plan = 295
• Regional Plan = 295
• Mater City, Town, or Village Plan = 295
• Local Development Plan = 295
• Scope of Regional and Master City Plans = 296
• Railways, Harbors, and Transit Lines = 298
• Airplane Landing Fields = 299
• Highways, Parkways, and Streets = 299
• Zoning and Land Uses = 300
• Open Spaces and the Preservation of Amenities = 304
• Control of Land Subdivision = 305
• Sites for Satellite Towns and Local Developments = 306
• Planning New Towns = 307
• Scope of Local Development Plans = 308
• Subdivision Plans = 308
• Civic, Cultural, Transportation, and Marketing Centers = 309
• Waterfronts = 312
• Remodeling Blighted Areas = 312
• Civic Art and the Home = 313
• CHAPTER XII THE FUTURE OF CITY PLANNING
• City Planning as a Movement = 319
• The Art and Science of City Planning = 321
• Necessity of Scientific Approach = 321
• Guidance of Public Taste = 322
• Advances and Weaknesses in Technical Approach = 324
• Action and Results = 326
• APPENDIX SUMMARY OF ASPECTS OF CITY PLANNING PROBLEMS
• Ⅰ. Engineering = 333
• Ⅱ. Landscape Architecture = 334
• Ⅲ. Architecture = 335
• Ⅳ. Sociology = 335
• Ⅴ. Economics and Finance = 336
• Ⅵ. Law = 336
• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES = 341
• INDEX = 343
• LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ； The Heart of a Nation, Washington, D.C., Frontispiece
• Northern Suburb of Tell­El­Amarna, Egypt = 35
• Plan of Babylon = 39
• An Early Plan of Jerusalem = 41
• View of Angkor­Vat, Cambodia­Ruins and Approach = 44
• Plan of Sian­Fu, Capital of Shensi, China = 48
• Plan of Seventeenth Century Kaif$$\hat e$$ng, China = 48
• Plan of Peiping, China = 49
• Aerial View of Tuluum, Yucatan = 52
• The Acropolis, Athens, Greece = 53
• Olynthus, in Macedonia, and Environs = 56
• Reconstructed Plan of Greek City of Selinonte（Selinus）, Sicily = 57
• Plan of Pompeii, Italy = 60
• Plan of Turin, Italy = 60
• Conjectural Reconstruction of Praeneste（Palestrina）, Ancient City in Latium, Italy = 61
• Roman Colchester, England = 64
• Vitruvius' Ideal City Pattern = 75
• Perspective View of Teschen, Austrian Silesia = 80
• Plan of L$$\ddot u$$neburg, Germany = 80
• Plan of Rothenburg, Germany, as in 1884 = 81
• View of Rothenburg, Germany = 82
• View of Nuremberg and the River Pegnitz, Germany = 83
• Concentric Plan of Ancient and Mediaeval Parts of Aachen（Aix­la­Chapelle）, Germany = 84
• Plan of Bergues, Department of the Nord, France = 84
• View of Carcassonne, France = 85
• Plan of Carcassonne, France = 85
• Perspective of Villeneuve­les­Avignon Showing Bridge, 1387 = 86
• Reconstruction of Villeneuve­les­Avignon, 1387 = 86