Understanding terrorism : challenges, perspectives, and issues

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• About the Author = xv
• Acknowledgments = xvi
• Introduction and Rationale = xvii
• PART Ⅰ Terrorism : A Conceptual Review = 1
• 1. An Introduction to Terrorism = 2
• Historical Perspectives on Terrorism = 3
• Antiquity = 4
• Chapter Perspective 1.1. The Conquest of Canaan = 4
• The Roman Age = 4
• The Ancient and Medieval Middle East = 5
• The French Revolution = 5
• The Modern Era = 5
• Exploring Definitions, Sources, and Ideologies = 6
• First Definitions : Extremism and Terrorism = 6
• Sources of Terrorism = 7
• Ideologies : The Classical Ideological Continuum = 7
• The Morality of Terrorist Violence : Four Quotations = 9
• Questions of Morality = 9
• "One Person's Terrorist Is Another Person's Freedom Fighter" = 9
• "One Man Willing to Throw Away His Life Is Enough to Terrorize a Thousand" = 10
• "Extremism in Defense of Liberty Is No Vice" = 10
• "It Became Necessary to Destroy the Town to Save It" = 11
• Terrorism and Criminal Skill : Three Cases in Point = 11
• Case 1 : Richard Baumhammers = 11
• Case 2 : Theodore "Ted" Kaczynski = 12
• Case 3 : Ramzi Yousef = 13
• Terrorist Symbolism : Oklahoma City and September 11, 2001 = 14
• The Oklahoma City Bombing = 14
• September 11, 2001 = 15
• Case in Point : The Assassins = 16
• Chapter Summary = 17
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 17
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 18
• WEB EXERCISE = 18
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 18
• DISCUSSION BOX : TOTAL WAR = 19
• NOTES = 20
• 2. The Nature of the Beast : Defining Terrorism = 22
• Reactionaries and Radicals : Revisiting the Classical Ideological Continuum = 23
• An Ideological Analysis : From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe = 24
• The "New Terrorism" = 28
• Understanding Extremism : The Foundation of Terrorism = 28
• Defining Extremism = 28
• Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists = 29
• The World of the Extremist = 30
• Defining Terrorism = 31
• A Sampling of Formal Definitions = 31
• The American Context : Defining Terrorism in the United States = 32
• Types of Terrorism = 33
• A Definitional Problem : Perspectives on Terrorism = 34
• Perspective 1 : Participants in a Terrorist Environment = 34
• Perspective 2 : Terrorism or Freedom Fighting? = 35
• Perspective 3 : Extremism or "Mainstreamism"? = 37
• Perspective 4 : Ideologies and Ideals = 37
• Chapter Perspective 2.1. We the Klan Believe = 38
• Chapter Perspective 2.2. The Spanish Falange : A Model for Fascism = 43
• The Political Violence Matrix = 45
• A Definitional Dilemma : Combatants, Noncombatants, and the Use of Force = 45
• Case in Point : Are "Hate Crimes" Acts of Terrorism? = 47
• Chapter Summary = 48
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 48
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 49
• WEB EXERCISE = 49
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 49
• DISCUSSION BOX : COLD WAR REVOLUTIONARIES = 50
• NOTES = 52
• 3. Beginnings : The Causes of Terrorism = 55
• Motives of Terrorists = 56
• Moral Convictions of Terrorists = 57
• Chapter Perspective 3.1.A Viet Cong Directive Ordering Selective Terrorism = 58
• Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil = 59
• Seeking Utopia = 59
• Codes of Self-Sacrifice = 60
• Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice = 64
• Explanations of Terrorism = 65
• Making Revolution : Acts of Political Will = 65
• The Fruit of Injustice : Sociological Explanations of Terrorism = 67
• Rationality and Terrorist Violence : Psychological Explanations of Terrorism = 69
• Case in Point : Profiles of Terrorists = 72
• Chapter Summary = 75
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 75
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 76
• WEB EXERCISE = 76
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 76
• DISCUSSION BOX : BLOODY SUNDAY AND BLACK SEPTEMBER = 77
• NOTES = 78
• PART Ⅱ The Terrorists = 80
• 4. Terror From Above : State Terrorism = 81
• Monitoring State Terrorism = 82
• A State Terrorism Paradigm = 84
• Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism = 85
• State Sponsorship : The Patronage Model = 86
• Stage Sponsorship : The Assistance Model = 87
• State Terrorism as Foreign Policy = 90
• Politically Sympathetic Sponsorship = 93
• Logistically Supportive Sponsorship = 93
• Episode-Specific Sponsorship = 94
• Joint Operations = 94
• State Terrorism as Domestic Policy = 95
• Legitimizing State Authority = 96
• Vigilante Domestic State Terrorism = 97
• Official Domestic State Terrorism = 101
• Genocidal Domestic State Terrorism = 102
• Chapter Perspective 4.1. Cleansing Society = 103
• Chapter Perspecitve 4.2. The Anfal Campaign : Genocidal State Terrorism = 104
• Case in Point : Latin American State Terrorism ad Domestic Policy and North African／Middle Eastern State Terrorism as Foreign Policy = 106
• Chapter Summary = 106
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 108
• DISCUSSION BOX : AUTHORITARIANISM AND DEMOCRACY = 109
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 110
• WEB EXERCISE = 110
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 110
• NOTES = 110
• 5. Terror From Below : Dissident Terrorism = 112
• A Dissident Terrorism Paradigm = 113
• Revolutionary Dissident Terrorism : A Clear World Vision = 114
• Nihilist Dissident Terrorism : Revolution for the Sake of Revolution = 114
• Nationalist Dissident Terrorism : The Aspirations of a People = 115
• Criminal Dissident Terrorism : Protecting the Enterprise = 116
• Revolutionaries, Nihilists, and Nationalists : Freedom Fighters? = 116
• Operational Shifts : The New Morality and the Rise of Terrorist Cells = 116
• The New Dissident Terrorist Morality = 117
• Cells and Lone Wolves = 118
• Antistate Dissident Terrorism = 118
• Antistate Terrorist Environments = 118
• Faith in Victory = 120
• Chapter Perspective 5.1. The Palestinian Movement = 122
• Communal Terrorism = 123
• Ethno-Nationalist Communal Terrorism = 124
• Religious Communal Terrorism = 25
• Ideological Communal Terrorism = 127
• Chapter Perspective 5.2 Violence Against Women : Gender Communal Terrorism? = 128
• Case in Point : The Tupamaros = 129
• Chapter Summary = 129
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 130
• DISCUSSION BOX : THE TAMIL TIGERS = 131
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 132
• WEB EXERCISE = 132
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 133
• NOTES = 133
• 6. Class Struggle and National Liberation : The Terrorist Left = 135
• Left-Wing Ideology and Activism = 136
• Class Struggle = 137
• For the People - Leftist Nationalism = 138
• Special-Interest Extremism = 139
• Problems on the Radical Left = 140
• Case : Required Reading on the "New Left" = 141
• Leftist Terrorism = 143
• Perspective on the Left : Two Examples From 19th-Century Europe = 143
• Regional Case : Latin America = 144
• Regional Case : Asia = 147
• Regional Case : Europe = 149
• The Future of the Violent Left = 154
• The Defeat of the Urban Guerrillas = 154
• Chapter Perspective 6.1. Terrorism on the Left = 155
• Rebels in the Hills = 155
• New Seeds for a Resurgent Left? = 156
• Case in Point : Supportive Environments on the Left - 1968 Paris = 156
• Chapter Summary = 157
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 158
• DISCUSSION BOX : YOUNG SOCIALIST IDEALISTS = 159
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 160
• WEB EXERCISE = 160
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 161
• NOTES = 161
• 7. Race and Order : The Terrorist Right = 163
• Right-Wing Ideology and Activism = 163
• Political Parties and Dissident Movements = 164
• Right Versus Left = 164
• Characteristic Trends on the Right = 165
• Common Themes on the Right = 166
• Tradition and Order = 166
• Right-Wing Nationalism = 167
• Religion and Mysticism = 168
• Case : The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion = 169
• Rightist Terrorism = 170
• Chapter Perspective 7.1. The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion : A Conspiracy of the Extreme Right = 171
• Regional Case : Latin America = 172
• Regional Case : Europe = 173
• The Future of the Violent Right = 177
• Case in Point : Supportive Environments on the Right - Racist Skinheads = 179
• Chapter Summary = 180
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 181
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 181
• DISCUSSION BOX : ORDER FROM CHAOS = 182
• WEB EXERCISE = 183
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 183
• NOTES = 183
• 8. For the Faith and Profit : Religious and Criminal Terrorism = 185
• Religious Terrorism = 185
• Primary and Secondary Motives : The Idiosyncratic Quality of Religious Terrorism = 186
• Chapter Perspective 8.1. Struggling in the Way of God = 189
• Historical Cases in Point : Fighting, Dying, and Killing in the Name of the Faith = 189
• State Sponsorship Case : Revisiting Sponsorship by Iran = 193
• Organization Case : Al Qaeda's Religious Foundation = 194
• Regional Case : Pakistan and India = 196
• Regional Case : The Algerian Jihadis = 197
• Regional Case : The Middle East = 198
• Criminal Terrorism = 199
• The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus = 200
• Traditional Criminal Enterprises = 201
• Criminal-Political Enterprises = 201
• Regional Case : Asia = 201
• Regional Case : Europe = 204
• Regional Case : Latin America = 207
• Chapter Perspective 8.2. Violence on the American Border : The Arellano-Felix Cartel = 209
• Case in Point : The Beka'a Valley = 210
• Chapter Summary = 210
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 211
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 211
• DISCUSSION BOX : THE ONE TRUE FAITH = 212
• WEB EXERCISE = 213
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 213
• NOTES = 213
• 9. Terrorist Spillovers : International Terrorism = 216
• Chapter Perspective 9.1. The Changing Environment of International Terrorism = 218
• Defining International Terrorism = 218
• Concept : The Spillover Effect = 220
• International Terrorism and Terrorist Typologies = 222
• Reasons for International Terrorism = 224
• Ideological Reasons : Modern "Isms" and International Revolutionary Solidarity = 224
• Practical Reasons : Perceived Efficiency = 226
• Tactical Reasons : Adaptations of Revolutionary Theory to International Operations = 227
• Historical Reasons : Perceptions of International Terrorism = 228
• International Terrorist Networks = 229
• Chapter Perspective 9.2. The Japanese Red Army and the Lod(Lydda) Airport Massacre = 230
• Background : Cold War Terrorist-Networking Theory = 230
• International Terrorist Environments = 231
• Movement Case : The International Mujahideen = 232
• Organization Case : Al Qaeda and International Terrorism = 234
• Potscript : The "Stateless Revolutionaries" = 237
• Case in Point : Cooperation Between Terrorists : An Overview of the European Connection = 238
• Chapter Summary = 239
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 240
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 240
• WEB EXERCISE = 240
• DISCUSSION BOX : UNDERSTANDING TERRORIST "SPILLOVERS" : THE CASE OF MIDDLE EASTERN／NORTH AFRICAN SPILLOVERS IN EUROPE = 241
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 241
• NOTES = 242
• PART Ⅲ The Terrorist Trade = 243
• 10. Tools of the Trade : Tactics and Targets of Terrorists = 244
• Terrorist Objectives = 245
• Typical Objectives = 246
• Playing to the Audience : Objectives, Victims, and Constituencies = 247
• The New Terrorism and New Objectives = 250
• Terrorist Methods = 252
• Concept : Asymmetrical Warfare = 252
• An Introduction to Common Methods of Terrorists = 253
• Weapons Old and New = 254
• Terrorist Targets = 262
• Chapter Perspective 10.1. The Al Qaeda "Terrorist Manual" = 263
• The Symbolism of Targets = 265
• Chapter Perspective 10.2. The Symbolism of Targets : Attacks Against the United States = 267
• The Outcome : Is Terrorism Effective? = 267
• Media and Political Attention = 268
• Having an Impact on an Audience = 268
• Forcing Concessions From an Enemy Interest = 269
• Disruption of Normal Routines = 269
• Provoking the State to Overreact = 269
• Effective Terrorism : The King David Hotel Bombing = 270
• Case in Point : The Engineer = 273
• Chapter Summary = 273
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 274
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 275
• DISCUSSION BOX : ATTACKS AGAINST THE U.S. MARINE AND FRENCH PARATROOPER HEADQUARTERS IN BEIRUT = 275
• WEB EXERCISE = 276
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 276
• NOTES = 276
• 11. The Role of the Media = 279
• The Media's Perspective = 279
• The Perspective of Governments = 280
• An Introduction to the Role of the Media = 280
• Publicizing the Cause = 281
• Mass Communications and the Terrorists' Message = 282
• Chapter Perspective 11.1. Delivering the Message = 283
• Mass Communications and the "New Media" = 285
• The Reporting of Terrorism = 285
• A New Battleground : The War for the Information High Ground = 289
• Revisiting the Participants in a Terrorist Environment = 289
• Practical Considerations : Using the Media = 291
• Information is Power : The Media as a Weapon = 293
• The Risk of Backlash = 296
• The Public's Right to Know : Regulating the Media = 296
• The Free Press = 297
• Chapter Perspective 11.2. An Examination of Self-Regulation and the American Media = 298
• The State-Regulated Press = 298
• Case in Point : Media-Oriented Terror and Lebanon's Hezbollah = 300
• Chapter Summary = 301
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 301
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 301
• DISCUSSION BOX : FREEDOM OF REPORTING AND SECURITY ISSUES = 302
• WEB EXERCISE = 302
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 303
• NOTES = 303
• PART Ⅳ Final Analysis = 305
• 12. Terrorism in the United States = 306
• Chapter Perspective 12.1. American Cults and Terrorist Violence = 309
• Background to Political Violence on the Left and Right = 310
• Leftist Issues and Movements = 310
• Rightist Issues and Movements = 312
• Chapter Perspective 12.2. Conspiracy Theories on the Right = 314
• Left-Wing Terrorism in the United States = 317
• Chapter Perspective 12.3. Seeds of Terrorism : Radicals on the Left = 318
• New Left Terrorism = 319
• Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism on the Left = 322
• Leftist Hard Cores = 326
• Case : The United Freedom Front = 327
• Single-Issue Violence on the Left = 327
• Right-Wing Terrorism in the United States = 328
• The Legacy of the Ku Klux Klan = 328
• Chapter Perspective 12.4. Seeds of Terrorism : Reactionaries on the Right = 330
• Neo-Nazi Terrorism = 332
• Case : Moralist Terrorism = 334
• The New Millennium and International Terrorism in the United States = 337
• The Spillover Effect in the United States = 337
• The New Terrorism in the United States = 338
• Case in Point : Lynching - Vigilante Communal Terrorism in the United States = 339
• Chapter Summary = 340
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 340
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 341
• WEB EXERCISE = 342
• DISCUSSION BOX : DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN THE AMERICAN CONTEXT = 342
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 343
• NOTES = 343
• 13. Responding to Terror : The Options = 345
• Overview of Options = 346
• Use of Force = 346
• Operations Other Than War : Repressive Options = 346
• Operations Other Than War : Conciliatory Options = 347
• Legalistic Responses = 347
• Conunterterrorism and the Use of Force = 348
• Coercive Covert Operations = 349
• Suppression Campaigns = 351
• Special Operations Forces = 353
• Chapter Perspective 13.1. Operation El Dorado Conyon = 354
• Operations Other Than War : Repressive Options = 357
• Covert Operations = 358
• Intelligence = 358
• Enhanced Security = 361
• Economic Sanctions = 362
• Operations Other Than War : Conciliatory Options = 366
• Diplomatic Options = 366
• Social Reform = 367
• Concessionary Options = 368
• Legalistic Responses = 368
• Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism = 369
• Chapter Perspective 13.2. The Capture of Mir Aiman Kansi = 370
• Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism = 373
• International Law : Legalistic Responses by the World Community = 376
• Case in Point : Hostage Rescues = 378
• Chapter Summary = 380
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 381
• RECOMMENDED WEB SITES = 382
• WEB EXERCISE = 382
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 382
• DISCUSSION BOX : THE UTILITY OF ELITE COUNTERTERRORIST UNITS = 383
• NOTES = 383
• 14. What Next? The Future of Terrorism = 385
• Near-Term Projections of Terrorism = 385
• Terrorism by States and Dissidents = 386
• Whither the "Old Terrorism?" = 387
• The Future of Terrorism = 388
• Terrorist Typologies in the New Millennium = 388
• The World in Conflict : Future Sources of Terrorism = 390
• New Technologies = 392
• Endnote : Soft Targets and Symbolism = 397
• Controlling Terrorism = 397
• New Fronts in a New War = 397
• The Continued Utility of Force = 398
• Countering Terrorist Financial Operations = 399
• Countering Extremism = 401
• Government Responses = 401
• Societal Responses = 401
• The Case for International Cooperation = 402
• Prospect for Terrorism in the United States = 403
• The Future of International Terrorism in the United States = 403
• The Future of the Violent Left in the United States = 404
• The Future of the Violent Right in United States = 404
• Chapter Perspective 14.1. Holocaust Denial = 405
• The Reorganization of Homeland Security in the United States = 405
• Case in Point : The Technology of Surveillance = 410
• Chapter Summary = 411
• A Final Thought = 411
• DISCUSSION BOX : TOWARD BIG BROTHER? = 412
• KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS = 412
• RECOMMENDED READINGS = 412
• NOTES = 413
• Appendix A : Map References = A-1
• Appendix B : Historical Examples = B-1
• Appendix C : Recommended Web Sites = C-1
• Appendix D : Documentaries and Dramatic Films = D-1
• Glossary = G-1
• Index = I-1