Information Collection Rule data analysis

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• FOREWORD = xi
• PREFACE = xiii
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = xv
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = xix
• CHAPTER 1 : ICR IMPLEMENTATION AND DATA COLLECTION CHALLENGES = 1
• Introduction = 1
• ICR Monitoring Requirements = 1
• Overview of Implementation Activities = 6
• Technical Assistance = 7
• Laboratory Reviews and Approvals = 9
• Utility Applicability and Sampling Plans = 18
• Treatment Study Applicability and Review = 20
• ICR Data Management System = 22
• ICR Data Analysis = 27
• Summary = 32
• CHAPTER 2 : QUALITY OF ICR MONITORING DATA = 39
• Background = 39
• Validation of ICR Monitoring Dada = 41
• Quality of Data on Water Quality Parameters = 44
• Quality Control for Microbiological Data = 47
• Quality of Data on DBPs and DBP Surrogates = 50
• Conclusions = 62
• CHAPTER 3 : AN INVENTORY OF ICR SYSTEMS, TREATMENT PLANTS, AND SOURCE WATER SUPPLIES = 67
• Introduction = 67
• Geographic Distribution = 69
• Population Served = 71
• ICR Treatment Plants = 73
• Representativeness of the ICR data = 74
• Conclusions = 78
• CHAPTER 4 : TRIHALOMETHANES IN U.S. DRINKING WATER-NORS TO ICR = 81
• Introduction = 81
• National Surveys to Estimate TTHM Occurrence = 82
• Methods = 83
• Analysis of ICR TTHM Data = 84
• Comparison of Previous TTHM Survey Results With ICR Data = 102
• Discussion = 104
• Summary and Conclusions = 106
• CHAPTER 5 : OCCURRENCE OF HALOACETIC ACIDS IN ICR FINISHED WATER AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 111
• Background = 111
• Notes on ICR Data = 113
• Summary of ICR HAA Results = 114
• Treatment, Disinfection Practice, and Geographic Region = 126
• Water Quality Factors = 131
• Summary = 135
• CHAPTER 6 : DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCT SPECIATION = 141
• Introduction = 141
• Method of Analysis = 142
• Results and Discussion = 144
• Summary and Conclusions = 164
• CHAPTER 7 : DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DBP RESULTS AND SDS PERFORMANCE = 169
• Introduction = 169
• ICR Data = 171
• Methods Used for Data Analysis = 172
• Results and Discussion = 173
• Summary and Conclusions = 194
• CHAPTER 8 : PREDICTING ICR SURFACE WATER PLANT BEHAVIOR WITH THE WATER TREATMENT PLANT MODEL = 199
• Introduction = 199
• Objectives = 200
• The WTP Model = 201
• Methodology = 202
• Results = 209
• Conclusions = 222
• CHAPTER 9 : BROMATE OCCURRENCE IN DISINFECTED WATER = 225
• Introduction = 226
• ICR Data = 228
• Summary and Conclusions = 244
• CHAPTER 10 : TOX IN FINISHED WATER AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS : RELATIONSHIPS WITH DBPS = 251
• Background = 251
• Monitoring TOX Under the ICR = 253
• Methodology Used for Data Analysis = 254
• Results and Discussion = 257
• Summary = 270
• CHAPTER 11 : UNREGULATED ORGANIC DBPS IN ICR FINISHED WATER AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS = 277
• Introduction = 277
• Background = 278
• Monitoring Under the ICR = 279
• Methodology Used for Data Analysis = 280
• Results of the Data Analysis = 280
• Summary = 294
• CHAPTER 12 : RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOURCE WATER QUALITY AND CHOICES OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DISINFECTANTS = 299
• Introduction = 299
• Source Water Quality Data = 300
• Disinfection and Treatment Technologies = 305
• Disinfection and Source Water Quality Relationships = 308
• Summary and Conclusions = 313
• CHAPTER 13 : TREATMENT PLANT PERFORMANCE FOR TOC REMOVAL = 317
• Introduction = 317
• Enhanced Coagulation Practices at Conventional Plants = 319
• Disinfection By-product Responses to Enhanced Coagulation Practices = 331
• Conclusions = 340
• CHAPTER 14 : CO-OCCURRENCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND BROMIDE IN THE INFLUENT OF ICR TREATMENT PLANTS = 343
• Introduction = 344
• Ozone-Its Benefits and Risks = 345
• Cryptosporidium and Bromide Occurrence in ICR Surface Water Sources = 347
• Feasibility of Ozonation at ICR Plants With Elevated Cryptosporidium Concentrations = 356
• CHAPTER 15 : DISINFECTION PRACTICES AND PATHOGEN INACTIVATION IN ICR SURFACE WATER PLANTS = 371
• Introduction = 371
• Analytical Results = 373
• Summary = 394
• CHAPTER 16 : USING E. COLITO INDICATE SOURCE WATER SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM = 397
• Background = 397
• Methodology = 398
• Results = 402
• Conclusions = 412
• CHAPTER 17 : PROTOZOA OCCURRENCE IN THE SOURCE WATER OF FILTERED AND UNFILTERED ICR SYSTEMS : INFLUENCE OF HYDROLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES AND WATERSHED PROTECTION PROGRAMS = 414
• Introduction = 416
• Objectives = 418
• Approach = 418
• Results and Discussion = 421
• Conclusions = 434
• CHAPTER 18 : VIRUS OCCURRENCE AND HEALTH RISKS IN DRINKING WATER = 437
• Introduction = 437
• Methodology = 439
• Analysis of ICR Virus and Disinfection Data = 443
• Discussion = 456
• Conclusions = 459
• CHAPTER 19 : CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA OCCURRENCE IN ICR DRINKING WATER SOURCE-STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF ICR DATA = 463
• Introduction = 463
• ICR Monitoring Data = 464
• Empirical Distributions = 467
• Statistical Model = 467
• Statistical Analysis = 470
• Supplemental Survey Estimates = 477
• Conclusions = 479
• CHAPTER 20 : DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND RESULTS OF USEPA'S 70-UTILITY LABORATORY SPIKING PROGRAM = 483
• Introduction = 483
• Methods and Materials = 484
• Results and Discussion = 493
• Summary and Conclusions = 498
• CHAPTER 21 : GAC AND MEMBRANE TREATMENT STUDIES = 501
• Introduction = 501
• Background = 502
• Data Analysis Approach = 506
• Evaluating Advanced Treatment Processes for DBP Precursor Removal = 510
• Summary and Conclusions = 533
• CHAPTER 22 : ENHANCED SOFTENING PERFORMANCE AND TOC REMOVAL = 539
• Introduction and Background = 539
• Plants Included in This Analysis = 542
• Characterizing Influent and Finished Water = 544
• Softening Treatment = 550
• Compliance With the D／DBP Rule = 558
• Conclusions = 565
• CHAPTER 23 : HOW UTILITIES CAN USE ICR DATA TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY AND MEET FUTURE REGULATIONS = 567
• Introduction = 567
• What Was the ICR? = 568
• What Types of Data Were Gathered Under the ICR? = 568
• How Can Utilities Use ICR Data? = 570
• One Utility's ICR Experience = 575
• Summary = 578
• ABBREVIATIONS = 579
• AUTHOR INDEX = 585
• SUBJECT INDEX = 587