The metaphysics of science : an account of modern science in terms of principles, laws, and theories

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅸ
• INTRODUCTION = 1
• 1. EMPIRICISM VS. REALISM ― THE PERENNIAL DEBATE IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
• Comte, Whewell, Mill, Mach, Boltzmann, Poincare, Duhem. Campbell, Hempel, Harre, van Fraassen, Laudan, Cartwright, Hacking, Putnam = 9
• 2. FUNDAMENTAL AND REFINED PRINCIPLES : THE CORE OF MODERN SCIENCE
• 1. Three Principles Central to Modern Science = 49
• 2. Refinements of the Principles in Science = 53
• 3. Four Ways Principles Function with Respect to Science = 65
• 4. On the Epistemological Status of the Principles of Science = 71
• 3. EMPIRICAL LAWS : THE SUPERVENTION OF EXPERIENCE = 73
• 1. The Uniformity Principle and Empirical Laws = 74
• 2. The Substance Principle and Empirical Systems = 79
• 3. Continuity = 81
• 4. Necessity and Universality = 83
• 5. Discovery, Prediction and Technology = 84
• 6. The Supervention of Experience = 85
• 7. Empirical Laws Require Explanation = 94
• 4. SCIENTIFIC THEORIES : CLOSING THE CIRCLE = 95
• 1. Theoretical Reduction and the Closing of the Circle = 96
• 2. The Substance Principle and Theoretical Ontologies = 97
• 3. The Causality Principle and Causal Mechanisms = 99
• 4. The Hypothetical Aspect of Theories = 102
• 5. Explanation, Understanding and the Limits of Intelligibility = 104
• 5. THE PRINCIPLE ― THEORY ― LAW MODEL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION = 109
• 1. Theoretical Models, Source­Analogues and Abstraction = 109
• 2. The Substantial, Formal and Causal Aspects of a Theoretical Model = 113
• 3. Theoretical Systems and the Derivation of Empirical Laws = 115
• 4. Theoretical Models Can Suggest Experiments But Do Not Determine Their Results = 120
• 5. The Nominal vs. the Real Aspect of the Subject = 122
• 6. Idealization = 123
• 7. Explanation vs. Prediction = 127
• 6. THE SOCIAL SCIENCES : A CONSIDERATION OF ECONOMICS = 130
• 1. The Principles of Rationality and Equilibrium = 131
• 2. The Empirical Facts of Economics = 134
• 3. Economic Models Are Theories = 136
• 4. The Substantial, Causal and Formal Aspects of Economic Models = 138
• 5. Intenional Constructs and Empathetic Understanding = 140
• 6. The Source and Subject of Economic Models = 143
• 7. Abstraction and Idealization = 145
• 7. NATURAL KINDS = 148
• 1. What Are Natural Kinds for Modem Science? = 148
• 2. Nominal and Real Essences : Key to the Understanding of Natural Kinds = 151
• 3. Natural Kinds in Biology = 153
• 4. On Identifying Natural Kinds = 157
• 5. Sets, Classes, Individuals and Natural Kinds = 163
• 6. On Difference of Level and the Epistemological Status of Attributions of Nominal and Real Essence = 166
• 8. PROBABILITY AND CONFIRMATION = 170
• 1. General Considerations Regarding Probability = 170
• 2. Two Senses of the Word "Confirm" = 171
• 3. Evidential Basis vs. Subject­Matter = 172
• 4. Methodological Grounds and Inductive Probability = 173
• 5. Subjective Probability and the Implications of a Probability Claim = 174
• 6. Knowledge­Relativity and the Propensity Interpretation = 175
• 7. Nominal vs. Real Probability Determinations = 177
• 8. Methodological Requirements of Probability Locutions = 178
• 9. On the Acceptability of Scientific Theories = 179
• 10. On the Confirmation of Experimental Laws = 180
• 11. On the Applicability of Scientific Principles = 181
• 9. EMPIRICISM VS. REALISM REVISITED = 183
• 1. The Historical Debate = 183
• 2. The Supervention of Experience = 186
• 3. Ontology vs. Epistemology = 188
• 4. Understanding vs. Knowledge = 191
• 10. MODERN SCIENCE AND THE FUTURE = 193
• 1. A Particular Enterprise Emanating from Particular Principles = 193
• 2. The Revolution from Mythopoeic Thought = 194
• 3. Three Streams in Greek Thought = 196
• 4. Christianity, Platonism, Aristotelianism and the Scientific Revolution = 198
• 5. Intellectual and Practical Successes and Problems = 203
• 6. What Next? = 206
• REFERENCES = 209
• INDEX = 226