Review of medical physiology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = ⅶ
• Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
• 1. Physiologic Principles = 1
• Cellular Structure & Function = 1
• Body Fluid Compartments = 5
• Units for Measuring Concentration of Solutes = 7
• Composition of Body Fluids = 8
• Forces Producing Movement of Substances Between Compartments = 8
• Resting Membrane Potentials & Their Ionic Basis = 12
• The Capillary Wall = 15
• Sodium & Potassium Distribution & Total Body Osmolality = 15
• pH & Buffers = 16
• Homeostasis = 17
• Section Ⅰ References = 18
• Ⅱ. PHYSIOLOGY OF NERVE & MUSCLE CELLS
• 2. Excitable Tissue : Nerve = 19
• Anatomy of Nerve Cells = 19
• Electrical Phenomena in Nerve Cells = 22
• Ionic Basis of Excitation & Conduction = 28
• Properties of Mixed Nerves = 30
• Nerve Fiber Types & Function = 31
• 3. Excitable Tissue : Muscle = 36
• Skeletal Muscle = 36
• Morphology = 36
• Electrical Phenomena & Ionic Fluxes = 38
• Contractile Responses = 39
• Energy Sources & Metabolism = 42
• Properties of Muscles in the Intact Organism = 44
• Cardiac Muscle = 45
• Morphology = 45
• Cardiac Muscle, Cont'd. Electrical Properties = 46
• Mechanical Properties = 47
• Metabolism = 47
• Pacemaker Tissue = 47
• Smooth Muscle = 48
• Morphology = 48
• Visceral Smooth Muscle = 48
• Multi-Unit Smooth Muscle = 50
• 4. Synaptic & Junctional Transmission = 51
• Synaptic Transmission = 51
• Synaptic Anatomy = 51
• Electrical Events at Synapses = 53
• Chemical Transmission of Synaptic Activity = 56
• Types of Inhibition = 57
• The Properties of Synapses = 59
• Synaptic Transmission, Cont'd. Post-Tetanic Potentiation = 61
• Neuromuscular Junction = 61
• Anatomy = 61
• Electrical & Chemical Events During Transmission = 62
• Denervation Hyper sensitivity = 62
• 5. Initiation of Impulses in Sense Organs = 64
• Sense Organs & Receptors = 64
• The Senses = 64
• Electrical & Ionic Events in Receptors = 66
• "Coding" of Sensory Information = 68
• Section Ⅱ References = 69
• Ⅲ. FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• 6. Reflexes = 70
• The Reflex Arc = 70
• Monosynaptic Reflexes : The Stretch Reflex = 71
• Polysynaptic Reflexes : The With drawal Reflex = 74
• General Properties of Reflexes = 76
• 7. Cutaneous, Deep, & Visceral Sensation = 78
• Pathways = 78
• Touch & Pressure = 80
• Proprioception = 81
• Temperature 81
• Pain = 82
• Deep Pain = 83
• Differences Between Somatic. & Visceral Sensory Mechanisms = 84
• Visceral Pain = 84
• Referred Pain = 85
• "Synthetic" Senses = 87
• 8. Vision = 88
• Anatomic Considerations = 88
• The Image - Forming Mechanism = 92
• The Photoreceptor Mechanism : Genesis of Neural Activity = 95
• Transmission in the Optic Pathways & Other Neural Phenomena = 98
• Color Vision = 103
• Eye Movements = 105
• 9. Functions of the Ear = 106
• Anatomic Considerations = 106
• External & Middle Ear = 106
• Inner Ear = 107
• Hearing = 111
• Auditory Responses = 111
• Sound Transmission = 112
• Electrical Phenomena = 114
• Brain Mechanisms = 116
• Hearing, Cont'd. Deafness = 117
• Vestibular Function = 118
• Responses to Rotational & Linear Acceleration = 118
• Orientation in Space = 119
• Effects of Labyrinthectomy = 119
• 10. Smell & Taste = 120
• Smell = 120
• Receptors & Pathways = 120
• Physiology of Olfaction = 122
• Taste = 123
• Receptor Organs & Pathways = 123
• Physiology of Taste = 125
• 11. The Reticular Activating System & the Electrical Activity of the Brain = 127
• The Reticular Formation & the Reticular Activating System = 127
• Evoked Cortical Potentials = 127
• The Electroencephalogram = 129
• Physiologic Basis of the EEG = 132
• Reticular Activity & Consciousness = 136
• Modulation of Sensory Input = 137
• 12. Control of Posture & Movement = 139
• Pyramidal System = 139
• Anatomy = 139
• Cortical Motor Areas = 140
• Function = 142
• Extrapyramidal Mechanisms = 143
• Spinal Integration = 144
• Medullary Components = 146
• Extr'apyramidal Mechanisms, Cont'd. Midbrain Components = 147
• Cortical Components = 148
• Basal Ganglia = 149
• Cerebellum = 152
• Anatomic & Functional Divisions = 153
• Physiology = 154
• 13. Efferent Pathways to Visceral Effectors = 158
• Anatomic Organization of Autonomic Outflow = 158
• Chemical Transmission at Autonomic Junctions = 160
• Responses of Effector Organs to Autonomic Nerve Impulses = 163
• 14. Neural Centers Regulating Visceral Function = 167
• Medulla Oblongata = 167
• Hypothalamus = 168
• Anatomic Considerations = 168
• Hypothalamic Function = 170
• Relation of Hypothalamus to Autonomic Function = 172
• Relation to Sleep = 173
• Hunger = 174
• Hypothalamus, Cont'd. Thirst = 176
• Control of Posterior Pituitary Secretion = 176
• Control of Anterior Pituitary Secretion = 180
• Temperature Regulation = 183
• 15. Neurophysiologic Basis of Instinctual Behavior & Emotions = 188
• Anatomic Considerations = 188
• Limbic Functions = 190
• Regulation of Biologic Rhythms = 190
• Sexual Behavior = 190
• Fear & Rage = 193
• Motivation = 194
• Effects of Drugs on Brain Chemistry & Behavior = 196
• Chemical Transmission at Synapses in the Central Nervous System = 201
• "Higher Functions of the Nervous System" : Conditioned Reflexes, Learning, & Related Phenomena = 203
• Learning = 204
• Memory = 207
• Functions of the Neocortex = 208
• Section Ⅲ References = 212
• Ⅳ. ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM
• 17. Energy Balance, Metabolism, & Nutrition = 214
• Energy Metabolism = 214
• Metabolic Rate. = 214
• Energy Balance = 219
• Intermediary Metabolism = 219
• General Considerations = 219
• Carbohydrate Metabolism = 222
• Intermediary Metabolism, Cont'd. Protein Metabolism = 230
• Fat Metabolism = 241
• Nutrition = 249
• Essential Dietary Components = 249
• 18. The Thyroid Gland = 254
• Anatomic Considerations = 254
• Formation & Secretion of Thyroid Hormones = 255
• Transport & Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones = 258
• Effects of Thyroid Hormones = 261
• Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones = 263
• Regulation of Thyroid Secretion = 265
• Clinical Correlates = 266
• 19. Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas &the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism = 271
• Relation of Islet Cell Structure to Hormone Storage & Secretion = 271
• Structure, Transport, & Metabolism of Insulin = 272
• Consequences of Insulin Deficiency & Actions of Insulin = 274
• Insulin Excess = 282
• Mechanism of Action of Insulin = 283
• Regulation of Insulin Secretion = 284
• Glucagon = 286
• Endocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism = 287
• Hypoglycemia & Diabetes Mellitus in Man = 290
• 20. The Adrenal Medulla & Adrenal Cortex = 292
• Adrenal Morphology = 292
• Adrenal Medulla = 293
• Structure & Function of Medullary Hormones = 293
• Regulation of Adrenal Medullary Secretion = 295
• Adrenal Cortex = 296
• Structure & Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Hormones = 296
• Transport, Metabolism, & Excretion of Adrenocortical Hormones = 300
• Adrenal Androgens & Estrogens = 303
• Adrenal Cortex, Cont'd. Physiologic Effects of Glucocorticoids = 304
• Pharmacologic & Pathologic Effects of Glucocorticoids = 307
• Regulation of Glucocorticoid Secretion = 308
• Effects of Mineralocorticoids = 312
• Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion = 315
• Role of Mineralocorticoids in the Regulation of Salt Balance = 317
• Summary of the Effects of Adrenocortical Hyper - & Hypofunction in Man = 317
• 21. The Parathyroid Glands, Calcium Metabolism, & the Physiology of Bone = 319
• Anatomic Considerations = 319
• Effects of Parathyroidectomy & Parathyroid Extracts = 320
• Chemistry & Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone = 321
• Calcium Metabolism = 322
• Bone Physiology = 322
• Mechanism of Action of Parathyroid Hormone = 325
• Regulation of Parathyroid Secretion = 325
• Thyrocalcitonin = 325
• 22. The Pituitary Gland = 327
• Morphology = 328
• Intermediate Lobe Hormones = 329
• Growth Hormone = 330
• Physiology of Growth = 334
• Pituitary Insufficiency = 336
• Pituitary Hyperfunction in Man = 337
• 23. The Gonads : Development & Function of the Reproductive System = 339
• Sex Differentiation & Development = 339
• Chromosomal Sex = 339
• Embryology of the Human Reproductive System = 340
• Aberrant Sexual Differentiation = 345
• Puberty = 346
• Precocious & Delayed Puberty = 348
• Menopause = 349
• Pituitary Gonadotropins = 349
• The Male Reproductive System = 350
• Structure = 350
• The Male Reproductive System, Cont'd. Gametogenesis & Ejaculation = 350
• Endocrine Function of the Testes = 352
• Control of Testicular Function = 356
• Abnormalities of Testicular Function = 357
• The Female Reproductive System = 358
• The Menstrual Cycle = 358
• Ovarian Hormones = 362
• Control of Ovarian Function = 367
• Abnormalities of Ovarian Function = 369
• Pregnancy = 370
• Lactation = 372
• 24. Other Organs With Established or Suggested Endocrine Functions = 375
• The Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys : Renin & Erythropoietin = 375
• Pineal = 378
• Thymus = 380
• Spleen = 381
• Section Ⅳ References = 381
• Ⅴ. GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION
• 25. Digestion & Absorption = 383
• Carbohydrates = 383
• Proteins = 385
• Fats = 387
• Absorption of Water & Minerals = 389
• 26. Gastrointestinal Motility & Secretion = 391
• Mouth & Esophagus = 391
• Stomach = 393
• Small Intestine = 400
• Exocrine Portion of the Pancreas = 404
• The Liver & Biliary System = 406
• Colon = 409
• Section Ⅴ References = 413
• Ⅵ. CIRCULATION
• 27. Circulating Body Fluids = 414
• The Circulatory System = 414
• Blood = 414
• White Blood Cells = 414
• Red Blood Cells = 416
• Blood Types = 420
• Platelets = 422
• Blood, Cont'd. Bone Marrow = 423
• Plasma = 423
• Hemostasis = 424
• Lymph = 427
• 28. The Heart : Origm of the Heartbeat & the Electrical Activity of the Heart = 428
• Origin & Spread of Cardiac Excitation = 428
• The Electrocardiogram = 430
• Cardiac Arrhythmias = 436
• EKG Findings in Other Cardiac & Systemic Diseases = 442
• 29. The Heart as a Pump = 446
• Mechanical Events of the Cycle = 446
• Cardiac Cardiac Output = 450
• 30. Dynamics Of Blood & Lymph Flow = 456
• Anatomic Considerations = 456
• Biophysical Considerations = 458
• Arterial &Arteriolar Circulation = 462
• Capillary Circulation = 466
• Lymphatic Circulation & Interstitial Fluid Volume = 467
• Venous Circulation = 468
• 31. Cardiovascular Regulatory Mechanisms = 471
• Chemical Regulatory Mechanisms = 471
• Neural Regulatory Mechanisms = 472
• 32. Circulation Through Special Regions = 482
• Cerebral Circulation = 482
• Anatomic Considerations = 482
• Cerebral Blood Flow = 483
• Regulation of Cerebral Circulation = 485
• Cerebrospinal Fluid = 486
• The Blood-Brain Barrier = 488
• Cerebral Circulation, Cont'd. Brain Metabolism & Oxygen Requirements = 490
• Coronary Circulation = 491
• Splanchnic Circulation = 493
• Circulation of the Skin = 494
• Placental & Fetal Circulation = 495
• 33. Cardiovascular Homeostasts in Health & Disease = 499
• Compensations for Gravitational Effects = 499
• Exercise = 501
• Inflammation = 503
• Hemorrhage = 504
• Shock = 506
• Fainting = 508
• Heart Failure = 509
• Hypertension = 510
• Section Ⅵ References = 513
• Ⅶ. RESPIRATION
• 34. Pulmonary Function = 514
• Properties of Gases = 514
• Mechanics of Respiration = 515
• Pulmonary Circulation = 522
• Diffusion Capacity = 524
• 35. Gas Transport Between the Lungs & the Tissues = 525
• Oxygen Transport = 525
• Buffers in Blood = 527
• Carbon Dioxide Transport = 529
• 36. Regulation of Respiration = 532
• Respiratory Center = 532
• Regulation of Respiratory Center Activity = 534
• Chemical Control of Breathing = 534
• Nonchemical Influences on Respiration = 539
• 37. Respiratory Adjustments in Health & Disease = 541
• Effects of Exercise = 541
• Hypoxia = 542
• Hypoxic Hypoxia = 544
• Other Forms of Hypoxia = 549
• Oxygen Treatment = 550
• Hypercapnia & Hypocapnia = 550
• Effects of Increased Barometric Pressure = 552
• Artificial Respiration = 553
• Section Ⅶ References = 554
• Ⅷ. FORMATION & EXCRETION OF URINE
• 38. Renal Function = 555
• Functional Anatomy = 555
• Renal Circulation = 557
• Glomerular Filtration = 560
• Tubular Function = 562
• Water Excretion = 565
• Factors Affecting Urine Concentration = 568
• Acidification of the Urine & Bicarbonate Excretion = 571
• Sodium & Chloride Excretion = 574
• Potassium Excretion = 576
• Diuretics = 576
• Effects of Disordered Renal Function = 577
• 39. Micturition = 580
• Filling of the Bladder = 580
• Emptying of the Bladder = 580
• Abnormalities of Micturition = 581
• 40. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition & Volume = 583
• Defense of Tonicity = 583
• Defense of Volume = 583
• Defense of Specific Ionic Composition = 584
• Defense of $$H^+$$ Concentration = 584
• Section Ⅷ References = 590
• Appendix = 591
• General References = 591
• Normal Values & the Statistical Evaluation of Data = 592
• Abbreviations & Symbols Commonly Used in Physiology = 594
• Standard Respiratory Symbols = 596
• Index = 599
• Endsheets
• Table of Atomic Weights （Inside Front Cover）
• Equivalents of Metric, United States, & English Measures （Facing Inside Back Cover）
• Greek Alphabet （Facing Inside Back Cover）
• Ranges of Normal Values in Human Whole Blood, Plasma, or Serum （Inside Back Cover）