Environmental toxicants : human exposures and their health effects

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Contributors = xv
• 1 Introduction and Background / Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. = 1
• Characterization of Chemical Contaminants = 2
• Human Exposures and Dosimetry = 7
• Chemical Exposures and Dose-to-Target Tissues = 7
• Concentration of Toxic Chemicals in Human Microenvironments = 8
• Inhalation Exposures and Respiratory Tract Effects = 11
• Ingestion Exposures and GI Tract Effects = 18
• Skin Exposure and Dermal Effects = 19
• Absorption through Membranes and Systemic Circulation = 20
• Accumulation in Target Tissues and Dosimetric Models = 21
• Indirect Measures of Past Exposures = 21
• Characterization of Health = 23
• Exposure-Response Relationships = 24
• References = 27
• 2 Ambient Particulate Matter / Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. = 31
• Sources and Pathways for Human Exposure = 32
• Ambient Air PM Concentrations = 36
• Extent of Population Exposures to Ambient Air PM = 38
• Nature of the Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM = 41
• Epidemiological Evidence for Human Health Effects of Ambient Air PM = 41
• Discussion and Current Knowledge on the Health Effects of PM = 57
• Standards and Exposure Guidelines = 59
• References = 60
• 3 Asbestos and Other Mineral and Vitreous Fibers / Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. = 65
• Important Special Properties of Fibers = 65
• Exposures to Fibers = 68
• Fiber Deposition in the Respiratory Tract = 71
• Fiber Retention, Dissolution, and Translocation = 73
• Properties of Mineral and Vitreous Fibers Relevant to Disease = 81
• Asbestos-Related Diseases = 81
• Review of Biological Effects of Size-Classified Fibers in Animals and Humans = 83
• Critical Fiber Parameters Affecting Disease Pathogenesis = 86
• Exposure-Response for Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma : Human Experience = 95
• Risk Assessment Issues : Asbestos = 100
• Review of Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effects in Workers Exposed to Humans = 103
• Risk Assessment Issues : Man-made Mineral Fibers = 106
• Key Factors Affecting Fiber Uptake and Toxicity : Recapitulation and Synthesis = 108
• Acronyms = 109
• References = 110
• 4 Benzene / Bernard D. Goldstein, M.D. ; Gisela Witz, Ph.D. = 121
• Benzene Exposure = 122
• Uptake = 124
• Metabolism and Disposition = 124
• Mechanisms of Toxicity = 131
• Risk Assessment = 138
• References = 141
• 5 Carbon Monoxide / Michael T. Kleinman, Ph.D. = 151
• CO Exposure and Dosimetry = 151
• Mechanisms of CO Toxicity = 152
• Populations at Risk of Health Effects due to CO Exposure = 153
• Regulatory Background = 154
• Health Effects of CO = 155
• Summary and Conclusions = 165
• References = 166
• 6 Chromium / Mitchell D. Cohen, Ph.D. ; Max Costa, Ph.D. = 173
• Essentiality = 173
• Environmental Sources and Standards = 174
• Exposure Scenarios = 176
• Uptake and Distribution = 178
• Toxicological Effects = 179
• Immunotoxicity = 180
• Carcinogenicity and Teratogenic Effects = 182
• Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity = 183
• References = 185
• 7 Diesel Exhaust / Joe L. Mauderly, D.V.M. = 193
• Historical Overview = 193
• Exposures to Diesel Exhaust = 194
• Health Effects = 199
• Current Issues and Research Needs = 230
• References = 232
• 8 Dioxins and Dioxin-like Chemicals / Michael J. De Vito, Ph.D. ; Michael A. Gallo, Ph.D. = 243
• Sources = 243
• Toxicological Effects and Mechanism of Action = 249
• Mechanism of Action = 252
• References = 258
• 9 Drinking Water Disinfection / Richard J. Bull, Ph.D. = 267
• Chemical Methods of Disinfection = 268
• Chemical Nature and Occurrence of Disinfectant By-products = 269
• Associations of Human Disease with Drinking Water Disinfection = 276
• Toxicology of Disinfectants = 279
• Summary and Conclusions = 298
• References = 303
• 10 Environmental Tobacco Smoke / Jonathan M. Samet, M.D., M.S. ; Sophia S. Wang. Ph.D. = 319
• Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) = 320
• Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Children = 331
• Health Effects of Involuntary Smoking in Adults = 345
• Respiratory Symptoms and Illnesses in Adults = 359
• Summary = 363
• References = 363
• 11 Food Constituents, Additives, and Contaminants / Joseph V Rodricks, Ph.D. = 377
• Food-Related Health Risks = 377
• Legal and Regulatory Framework = 380
• Toxicity Test Requirements and Safety Criteria = 381
• Substances Intentionally Added to Food = 387
• Food Contaminants of Industrial Origin = 395
• Constituents and Contaminants of Natural Origin = 397
• Summary and Conclusions = 404
• Acronyms = 405
• References = 405
• 12 Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes / George D. Leikauf Ph.D. = 409
• Background = 409
• Single-Exposure Health Effects = 417
• Effects of Multiple Exposures = 426
• References = 434
• 13 Indoor Bioaerosol Contaminants / Mary Kay O'Rourke, Ph.D. ; Michael D. Lebowitz, Ph.D. = 449
• Sources = 449
• Biological Factors = 450
• Exposure = 453
• Morbidity Effects = 457
• Hazard Assessment = 461
• Controls = 468
• Summary and Conclusions = 470
• References = 471
• 14 Lead and Compounds / Kathryn R. Mahaffey, Ph.D. ; James McKinney, Ph.D. ; J. Routt Reigart, M.D. = 481
• Physical I Chemical Properties and Behavior of Lead and Its Compounds = 482
• Lead in the Environment and Human Exposure = 484
• Absorption = 486
• Distribution = 491
• Kinetics = 493
• Health Effects = 500
• Biomarkers = 502
• Some Chemical／Molecular Considerations in Lead Neurotoxicity = 506
• Treatment of Lead Toxicity = 509
• Conclusions = 511
• References = 513
• 15 Human-made Ionizing Radiation and Radioactivity : Sources, Levels, and Effects / John J. Mauro, Ph.D. ; Norman Cohen, Ph.D. = 523
• Source Documents = 523
• Special Units = 524
• Sources of Human-made Radioactivity and Radiation = 525
• Nuclear Fuel Cycle = 526
• Nuclear Weapons Complex = 537
• Local, Tropospheric, and Global Fallout = 542
• Medical Exposures = 544
• Industrial Uses (Other Than Nuclear Fuel) = 546
• Consumer Products = 548
• Exposures to Diffuse, Enhanced Sources of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) and Radiation = 548
• Overview of Potential Health Impacts of Natural and Human-made Sources of Radioactivity = 549
• References = 556
• 16 Mercury / Jesper Bo Nielsen, Ph.D. ; Philippe Grandjean, Ph.D. = 563
• Chemistry = 563
• Sources = 563
• Environmental Exposures = 565
• Occupational Exposures = 567
• Kinetics and Metabolism = 566
• Health Effects = 570
• References = 573
• 17 Microwaves and Electromagnetic Fields / David H. Sliney, Ph.D. ; Francis Colville = 577
• Background = 578
• Philosophical Approaches = 579
• Standards Development = 581
• Current OELs and EELs for RF Radiation = 582
• Lowest Frequencies = 585
• U.S. Government Activities = 586
• Alternatives to OELs : Do They Exist? = 586
• Epidemiological Studies = 586
• Protective Measures = 587
• Engineering／Installation／Design Controls = 587
• Range Controls = 588
• Conclusions = 589
• Glossary = 590
• References = 590
• 18 Nitrogen Oxides / Richard B. Schlesinger, Ph.D. = 595
• Sources of NOx = 595
• Nitrogen Dioxide = 596
• Nitric Oxide = 612
• Nitric／Nitrous Acid = 614
• Inorganic Nitrates = 615
• Mixtures of Nitrogen Oxides = 616
• Summary and Conclusions = 621
• References = 623
• 19 Noise : Its Effects and Control / Daniel L. Johnson, Ph.D. = 639
• Human Auditory System = 639
• Measurement of Sound = 642
• Direct Physical Effects = 643
• General Effects of Noise = 645
• Control of Noise = 649
• Summary = 652
• References = 653
• 20 Ozone / Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. = 655
• Background = 661
• Effects of Single Exposures to Ozone = 668
• Effects of Multiple-Day and Ambient Episode Exposures = 698
• Summary and Conclusions = 707
• References = 710
• 21 Pesticides / Philip J. Landrigan, M.D. M.Sc. ; Luz Claudio, Ph.D. ; Rob McConnell, M.D. = 725
• Evolving Patterns of Pesticide Use = 726
• Exposure = 726
• Epidemiology of Acute Pesticide Poisoning = 728
• Toxicity of Pesticides = 729
• Fumigants and Nematocides = 733
• Other Pesticides = 734
• Inert Ingredients = 734
• Pesticides and Endocrine / Reproductive Toxicity = 735
• Conclusion : Issues for the Future = 736
• References = 738
• 22 Radon and Daughters / Naomi H. Harley, Ph.D. = 741
• Effects of Radon Exposure = 741
• Units of Radon Exposure = 742
• Outdoor Radon = 743
• Indoor Radon = 745
• Underground Mine Radon Epidemiology = 751
• Environmental Epidemiology = 752
• Lung Dosimetry = 754
• Lung Cancer Models for Humans = 757
• NIH Model = 760
• Childhood Exposure = 764
• Animal Studies = 764
• Smoking and Radon = 765
• Summary = 766
• References = 766
• 23 Sulfur Oxides : Acidic Aerosols and SO₂ / Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. = 771
• Sources and Exposures = 772
• Health Effects = 776
• References = 803
• 24 Trace Elements : Aluminum, Arsenic, Cadmium, and Nickel / Max Costa, Ph.D. = 811
• Aluminum = 811
• Arsenic = 817
• Cadmium = 824
• Nickel = 829
• References = 837
• 25 Ultraviolet Radiation / Colin M. H. Driscoll, Ph.D. ; Nigel A. Cridland, D.Phil. = 851
• Radiation Emissions = 851
• Pathways to Human Exposure = 853
• Biological Mechanisms Leading to Health Effects = 854
• Populations at Special Risk = 865
• Applicable Standards and Exposure Guidelines = 867
• Risk Assessment and Education Policy = 877
• Summary = 882
• References = 883
• 26 Volatile Organic Compounds and the Sick Building Syndrome / Lars M0ylave, M.D. = 889
• Toxic Effects = 889
• Prevalence of Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds = 889
• Health and Volatile Organic Compounds = 892
• Prevalence of the Sick Building Syndrome = 894
• Dose-Response for Health Effects Caused by Low-Level VOC Exposure = 896
• Guidelines for Volatile Organic Compounds in Nonindustrial Indoor Environments = 898
• References = 901
• 27 Perspectives on Individual and Community Risks / Arthur C. Upton, M.D. = 905
• Nature of Risk = 905
• Identification and Quantification of Risks = 906
• Risk Communication = 911
• Risk Reduction = 914
• References = 918
• 28 Reducing Risks : An Environmental Engineering Perspective / Raymond C. Loehr, Ph.D. = 921
• Historical Perspective = 921
• Pollution Control Process = 923
• Environmental Risk Assessment and Management = 923
• Applications and Use = 929
• Conclusions = 922
• References = 943
• 29 Clinical Perspective on Respiratory Toxicology / Mark J. Utell, M.D., ; Jonathan M. Samet, M.D. = 945
• Concepts of Exposure = 946
• Tools for Studying Animals = 947
• Tools for Studying Populations = 955
• Limitations of Clinical and Epidemiological Assessments of the Effects of Inhaled Agents = 960
• Advice and Counseling of Patients = 961
• Summary = 963
• References = 964
• 30 Industrial Perspectives : Translating the Knowledge Base into Corporate Policies, Programs, and Practices for Health Protection / Fred D. Hoerger, Ph.D. ; Larry W Rampy, Ph.D. ; Douglas A. Rausch, Ph.D. ; James S. Bus, Ph.D. = 969
• Life Cycle of a Chemical = 969
• Knowledge Base for the Identification of Hazard Control Strategies = 970
• Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Health Programs = 972
• Product Stewardship = 975
• Responsible Care = 978
• Concluding Perspective = 980
• Index = 981