Human biology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Preface = xiii
• Introduction : A Human Perspective = 1
• ...Us and the Apes = 6
• Science = 8
• Scientific Method = 8
• Social Responsibility = 8
• PART ONE HUMAN ORGANIZATION = 11
• 1 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE = 12
• Inorganic Chemistry = 13
• Atoms = 13
• Reactions between Atoms = 14
• Characteristics of Water = 16
• Acids and Bases = 16
• Acid Rain and Colon Cancer Are Linked = 18
• Organic Chemistry = 18
• Unit Molecules = 18
• Proteins = 20
• Carbohydrates = 20
• Lipids = 22
• Wheat = 23
• Nucleic Acids = 24
• 2 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION = 30
• Membrane = 33
• Membrane Structure = 33
• Membrane Function = 33
• Cellular Organelles = 36
• Nucleus = 36
• Membranous Canals and Vacuoles = 36
• Golgi Apparatus = 37
• Lysosomes = 37
• Mitochondria = 38
• Other Organelles = 39
• Cellular Metabolism = 40
• Enzymes = 40
• Cellular Respiration = 42
• Alcoholic Beverages = 44
• 3 BODY ORGANIZATION = 49
• Tissues = 51
• Epithelial Tissue = 51
• Connective Tissue = 55
• Muscular Tissue = 57
• Nervous Tissue = 58
• Organs and Organ Systems = 59
• Skin = 59
• Organ Systems = 61
• Homeostasis = 61
• That Oh, So Nice, Tan = 65
• PART TWO HUMAN PROCESSING AND TRANSPORTING = 69
• 4 DIGESTION AND NUTRITION = 70
• Digestive System = 73
• Mouth = 73
• Pharynx = 74
• Esophagus = 74
• Stomach = 75
• Small Intestine = 76
• Control of Digestive Gland Secretion = 77
• Liver = 78
• Large Intestine = 81
• Nutrition = 83
• Proteins = 83
• Carbohydrates = 85
• How Does Your Diet Rate for Variety? = 86
• Fats = 87
• Vitamins and Minerals = 89
• Dieting = 92
• Daily Energy Requirements = 92
• Fad Diets versus Behavior Modification = 94
• Eating Disorders = 95
• "Crash" Diets = 96
• 5 CIRCULATION = 99
• Cardiovascular System = 100
• Blood Vessels = 100
• Heart = 102
• Heartbeat = 105
• Vascular System = 107
• Features of the Circulatory System = 110
• Pulse = 110
• Blood Pressure = 110
• Velocity of Blood Flow = 111
• Circulatory Disorders = 112
• Hypertension = 112
• Atherosclerosis = 113
• Coronary Heart Disease = 114
• Surgical Treatment = 116
• Varicose Veins and Phlebitis = 117
• Lymphatic System = 117
• Lymphatic Vessels = 117
• Lymphatic Organs = 119
• 6 BLOOD = 121
• Transport = 122
• Plasma = 123
• Red Blood Cells(Erythrocytes) = 124
• Artificial Blood = 126
• Capillary Exchange Within the Tissues = 129
• Blood Clotting = 131
• Infection Fighting = 132
• White Blood Cells(Leukocytes) = 132
• Blood Typing = 135
• ABO Grouping = 135
• Rh System = 136
• 7 IMMUNITY = 139
• General Defense = 140
• Barriers to Entry = 140
• Phagocytic White Blood Cells = 141
• Protective Chemicals = 141
• Specific Defense = 142
• B Cells versus T Cells = 142
• B Lymphocytes = 144
• Treatment for AIDS = 146
• T Lymphocytes = 149
• Immunological Side Effects and Illnesses = 151
• Allergies = 151
• Tissue Rejection = 151
• Autoimmune Diseases = 153
• Aging = 153
• Immunotherapy = 154
• Active Immunity = 154
• Passive Immunity = 154
• 8 RESPIRATION = 159
• Breathing = 161
• Passage of Air = 161
• Mechanism of Breathing = 165
• Lung Capacities = 168
• External and Internal Respiration = 169
• External Respiration = 169
• Internal Respiration = 171
• Respiration and Health = 171
• Upper Respiratory Infections = 172
• Lung Disorders = 173
• Risks of Smoking versus Benefits of Quitting = 174
• 9 EXCRETION = 177
• Excretory Substances = 179
• Nitrogenous End Products = 179
• Other Excretory Substances = 180
• Organs of Excretion = 181
• Skin = 181
• Liver = 181
• Lungs = 181
• Intestine = 181
• Kidneys = 181
• Urinary System = 182
• Urination = 182
• Kidneys = 183
• Urine Formation = 185
• Pressure Filtration = 185
• Selective Reabsorption = 185
• Loop of Henle = 187
• Tubular Excretion = 188
• Collecting Duct = 188
• Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys = 188
• Blood Volume = 188
• Adjustment of pH = 189
• Ion Balance = 189
• Problems with Kidney Function = 189
• Kidney Replacements = 190
• PART THREE HUMAN INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION = 193
• 10 NERVOUS SYSTEM = 194
• Neurons = 195
• Structure = 195
• Nerve Impulse = 198
• Transmission across a Synapse = 200
• Neurotransmitter Substances = 200
• One-Way Propagation = 202
• Peripheral Nervous System = 203
• Nerves = 203
• Somatic Nervous System = 203
• Autonomic Nervous System = 207
• Central Nervous System = 209
• Spinal Cord = 209
• Brain = 209
• Drug Abuse = 215
• Drug Action = 215
• Drug Abuse Facts = 215
• Alcohol = 216
• Marijuana = 217
• Cocaine = 218
• Heroin = 219
• Designer Drugs = 219
• 11 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM = 222
• Skeleton = 224
• Functions = 224
• Skull = 224
• Vertebral Column = 226
• Appendicular Skeleton = 227
• Long Bones = 228
• Growth and Development = 229
• Joints = 229
• Skeletal Muscles = 231
• Macroscopic Anatomy and Physiology = 231
• Exercise : Changing Perceptions = 232
• Effect of Contraction on Size of Muscle = 238
• Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology = 239
• 12 SENSES = 246
• General Receptors = 248
• Skin = 248
• Muscles and Joints = 249
• Special Senses = 249
• Chemoreceptors = 249
• Photoreceptor - the Eye = 252
• Mechanoreceptor - the Ear = 259
• Picturing the Effects of Noise = 264
• 13 HORMONES = 267
• Pituitary Gland = 271
• Posterior Pituitary = 271
• Anterior Pituitary = 272
• Thyroid Gland = 275
• Activity and Disorders = 276
• Calcitonin = 276
• Adrenal Glands = 277
• Adrenal Medulla = 278
• Adrenal Cortex = 278
• Sex Organs = 280
• The Growing Threat of Steroids = 281
• Parathyroid Glands = 284
• Pancreas = 285
• Diabetes Mellitus = 285
• Other Hormones = 287
• Local Hormones = 287
• Prostaglandins = 287
• PART FOUR HUMAN REPRODUCTION = 291
• 14 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM = 292
• Male Reproductive System = 294
• Testes = 294
• Genital Tract = 296
• Penis = 296
• Hormonal Regulation in the Male = 297
• Female Reproductive System = 299
• Ovaries = 299
• Genital Tract = 300
• The Reasons for Orgasm = 302
• External Genitalia = 303
• Orgasm = 303
• Hormonal Regulation in the Female = 303
• Hormonal Regulation(Simplified) = 303
• Hormonal Regulation(Detailed) = 305
• Pregnancy = 306
• Female Sex Hormones = 307
• Menopause = 307
• Birth Control = 307
• Group Ⅰ = 308
• Group Ⅱ = 308
• Group Ⅲ = 308
• Group Ⅳ = 310
• Group Ⅴ = 310
• Future Means of Birth Control = 311
• Infertility = 311
• Endometriosis = 312
• 15 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES = 316
• Viral in Origin = 318
• AIDS = 320
• AIDS Prevention = 322
• Genital Herpes = 322
• Genital Warts = 323
• Bacterial in Origin = 324
• Gonorrhea = 326
• Antibiotics and Antiviral Drugs = 327
• Chlamydia = 328
• Syphilis = 328
• Other Diseases = 330
• Vagnitis = 330
• Crabs = 330
• 16 DEVELOPMENT = 333
• Developmental Processes = 335
• Embryonic Development = 335
• First Week = 335
• Second Week = 336
• Third Week = 337
• Fourth Week = 339
• Fifth Week = 340
• Sixth to Eighth Week = 343
• Birth Defects = 344
• Fetal Period = 345
• Third and Fourth Months = 345
• Fifth to Seventh Months = 347
• Eighth and Ninth Months = 350
• Birth = 350
• Stages = 350
• Development after Birth = 351
• Infancy = 351
• Childhood and Adolescence = 353
• Adulthood and Aging = 354
• CANCER SUPPLEMENT = C-1
• Cancer = C-2
• Characteristics of Cancer = C-2
• Causes of Cancer = C-3
• Types of Cancer = C-6
• Detection and Treatment = C-8
• Survival Rates = C-9
• Avoidance of Cancer = C-9
• PART FIVE HUMAN INHERITANCE = 361
• 17 CHROMOSOMES AND CHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE = 362
• Chromosomes = 363
• Karyotype = 363
• Life Cycle = 365
• Mitosis = 367
• Overview = 367
• Stages = 369
• Cell Cycle = 370
• Importance of Mitosis = 371
• Meiosis = 371
• Overview = 371
• Stages = 372
• Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis = 372
• Importance of Meiosis = 376
• Chromosomal Inheritance = 376
• Normal Inheritance = 376
• Abnormal Autosomal Chromosome Inheritance = 377
• Male／Female Cell Differences = 380
• Detecting Birth Defects = 381
• Abnormal Sexual Chromosome Inheritance = 382
• 18 GENES AND MEDICAL GENETICS = 386
• Simple Mendelian Inheritance = 387
• Inheritance of a Single Trait = 388
• Inheritance of Multitraits = 391
• Genetic Disorders = 395
• Lysosomal Storage Genetic Disorders = 398
• Beyond Mendel's Laws = 400
• Polygenic Inheritance = 400
• Multiple Alleles = 401
• Incomplete Dominance and Codominance = 402
• Sex-Linked Inheritance = 403
• X-Linked Genes = 403
• Sex-Influenced Traits = 404
• Mapping the Human Chromosomes = 406
• Linkage Data = 406
• Human-Mouse Cell Data = 408
• Genetic Marker Data = 408
• DNA Probe Data = 409
• 19 DNA AND BIOTECHNOLOGY = 413
• Nucleic Acids within the Cell = 414
• DNA, the Hereditary Material = 416
• Genes and Enzymes = 416
• Protein Synthesis = 419
• Code of Heredity = 419
• Transcription = 420
• Translation = 420
• Summary of Protein Synthesis = 422
• Other Features of DNA = 422
• Structural versus Regulatory Genes = 422
• Genetic Mutations = 422
• Split Genes = 424
• Biotechnology = 424
• Genetic Engineering of Cells = 426
• Today's Biotechnological Products = 428
• Transgenic Organisms = 431
• Superfish : Coming Soon to a Lake near You = 434
• The Future = 436
• PART SIX HUMAN EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY = 441
• 20 EVOLUTION = 442
• Evidences for Evolution = 443
• Fossil Record = 443
• New Questions from the Fossil Record = 445
• Comparative Anatomy = 444
• Comparative Embryology = 448
• Vestigial Structures = 448
• Comparative Biochemistry = 448
• Biogeography = 451
• Mechanisms of Evolution = 451
• Variations = 451
• Struggle for Existence = 452
• Survival of the Fittest = 452
• Adaptation = 452
• Organic Evolution = 453
• Origin of Life = 453
• Human Evolution = 456
• Humans = 461
• 21 THE ENVIRONMENT = 466
• The Everglades = 469
• Ecosystem Composition = 470
• Food Chains = 470
• Food Webs = 472
• Food Pyramid = 473
• Stability = 473
• Chemical Cycles = 474
• Carbon Cycle = 475
• Nitrogen Cycle = 476
• Human Ecosystem = 477
• Country = 477
• Energy to Grow Food = 479
• City = 480
• Air Pollution = 482
• Land Pollution = 484
• Water Pollution = 486
• 22 POPULATION CONCERNS = 491
• Exponential Population Growth = 492
• Growth Rate = 493
• History of the World Population = 495
• Developed and Developing Countries = 495
• United States Population = 498
• What We Must Do to Save Wildlife = 500
• Resource Consumption = 502
• Energy = 503
• Food = 507
• Steady State = 509
• Appendix A = A-1
• Appendix B = A-2
• Appendix C = A-4
• Glossary = G-1
• Credits = CR-1
• Index = I-1