Lives of Boulton and Watt

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• CHAPTER Ⅰ. : Anecdote of Matthew Boulton and George Ⅲ. - Roger Bacon on steam power - Early inventors, their steam machines and apparatus - Hero of Alexandria, Branca, De Caus - The Marquis of Worcester - His waterworks - His imprisonment - His difficulties - The water-commanding engine - His "Century of Inventions" - Obscurity of descriptions of his steam-engine - Persevering struggles - His later years and death = 1
• CHAPTER Ⅱ. : Zeal of the Marchioness of Worcester - Sir Samuel Morland - His pumps and fire-engines - His privations and death - Dr. Dionysius Papin - His digester - Experiments on the power of steam - His steam-engine - Proposed steamboat - Early schemes of paddle-boats - Blasco Garay - Papin's model engine and boat - Destroyed by boatmen - Papin's death = 27
• CHAPTER Ⅲ. : Thomas Savery - The Savery family - Savery's mechanical experiments and contrivances - His paddle-boat - Treatise on `Navigation Improved' - Cornish mines and the early pumping machinery - Savery's "Fire-engine" - Exhibition of his model - Explanations in the `Miner's Friend' - The engine tried in Cornwall - Its failure at Broadwaters, Stafibrdshire - Savery's later years - His death and testament = 39
• CHAPTER Ⅳ. : Slow progress in invention of the steam-engine - Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth - His study of steam-power - Correspondence with Dr. Hooke of the Royal Society - Newcomen's experiments - Assisted by John Calley - Newcomen's atmospheric engine - Newcomen and Calley erect their first engine - Humphrey Potter the turn-cock boy's contrivance - Engines erected at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Leeds, and Cornwall - Wheal Fortune engine - Mr. William Lemon - Joseph Horublower - Jonathan Hulls and steam Propulsion of ships - His steamboat - Extended use of the Newcomen engines in Cornwall and northern mining counties - Payne, Brindley, and Smeaton, improvers of the steam-engine = 59
• CHAPTER Ⅴ. : James Watt, his birthplace and lineage - His grandfather the mathematician - Cartsdyke and Greenock in the last century - James Watt's father - His multifarious occupations - His mother - Watt's early years - His fragile constitution - Sent to school - His first visit to Glasgow - His indulgence in story-telling - His boyish ingenuity - His home education the Stuart rebellion - Watt's love of scientific pursuits - Sent to Glasgow to learn the trade of mathematical-instrument maker = 77
• CHAPTER Ⅵ. : Glasgow in 1754 - The Glasgow tobacco lords - The early clubs, and social habits of the merchants - Watt's master - Leaves Glasgow, and proceeds to London on horseback - Is placed with a mathematical-instrument maker - His progress in learning the trade - Frugal living in London - Danger from press-gangs - His infirm health - Returns to Scotland - Refused permission to begin business in Glasgow - Gains asylum in the College - His workshop there - Makes musical instruments - His various reading and studies - Intercourse with the professors - Intimate relations of Watt with Robison - Robison's estimate of Watt = 96
• CHAPTER Ⅶ. : Robison and Watt's conferences on the power of steam - Dr. Black and latent heat - Watt's experiments on steam - His apparatus - The college model of the Newcomen engine arrives from London - Watt's experiments upon it - His difficulties and perseverance - His instrument - making business improves - Takes a partner and opens a shop in the Salt Market - His marriage - Continued experiments on steam - His Sunday walk on Glasgow Green, and his first idea of the condensing engine - His experiments with the model, and successive difficulties - Anecdote of Watt and Robison and the new apparatus - The model engine - Removes to a cellar and erects a working engine - Mechanical and financial difficulties = 118
• CHAPTER Ⅷ. : Watt's introduction to Dr. Roebuck - Begins business as surveyor - Surveys canals - Partnership with Roebuck in the engine - Difficulties in constructing the engine - Watt's visit to Kinneil - A patent determined on - Watt's despondency - Continues his improvements - Learns German - Correspondence with Dr. Small - Specification of patent lodged - Watt erects a trial engine - The washhouse behind Kinneil - The engine completed - Its defects - Roebuck's embarrassments - Watt accepts engagement to superintend canal works - Employed in various surveys - Designs Hamilton Bridge - Supplies plans for dock and pier at Port Glasgow and harbour at Ayr - Illness and death of Mrs. Watt - Dr. Roebuck's ruin -. Turning point in Watt's fortunes = 138
• CHAPTER Ⅸ. : Birmingham In early times - Its industry - Roads - William Hutton - The Boulton family - Matthew Boulton begins business - His trade correspondence - His marriage - His love of business - Snow-hill and Soho - Partnership with Fothergill - Aims at excellence in his productions - Emulates Wedgwood - Surpasses French art-manufacturers - His royal and noble patrons - Employs the best artists - Visits of foreigners at Soho - Extension of business - Promotes canals - His vast business - Commercial panic - Boulton's scientific pursuits = 161
• CHAPTER Ⅹ. : Water- and horse-power at Soho - Boulton's correspondence with Benjamin Franklin concerning fire-engine - Boulton's model - Correspondence with Dr. Darwin and Dr. Roebuck - Watt visits Soho - First meeting of Boulton and Watt - Correspondence of Boulton and Watt, and of Dr. Small and Watt - Dr. Roebuck visits Boulton - Watt's anxiety for Boulton to join him - Watt's discouragements - His continued experiments and their failure - Watt engineer for the Monkland Canal - Com mercial panic - Watt loses employment as canal engineer - Roebuck's failure - Terms of proposed partnership between Watt, Small, and Boulton - Roebuck's share in Watt's engine transferred to Boulton - Watt's arrival at Birmingham = 182
• CHAPTER XI. : Characteristics of Matthew Boulton - Contrast between him and Watt - Boulton's friends - Watt's engine at Soho - Boulton's views of engine bnsiness - The Kinneil engine re-erected at Soho - Works successfully - Inquiries for pumping-engines from the mining districts - Proposed extension of patent by an Act - Watt in London - Death of Dr. Small -Watt invited to Russia - Application to Parliament for extension of engine patent - Application opposed - Watt's arguments - Act obtained - Watt returns to Birmingham - The manufacture of engines begun - The Wilkinsons - First iron vessel = 199
• CHAPTER XII. : Watt's house, Harper's Hill - First order for engines - Boulton's activity - The London engineers prophesy the failure of Watt's engine - Watt revisits Glasgow -His second marriage - Terms of partnership between Boulton and Watt - Orders from Scotland for engines - Boulton pressed with work and anxiety - Watt returns to Soho with his wife - Order for engine for Ting-tang and Chacewater mines, Cornwall - Watt and the Shadwell Waterworks Committee - Stratford-le-Bow engine - Difficulties with workmen at Soho, and with unskilled enginemen - Expansive working = 214
• CHAPTER XIII. : Inefficiency of the Newcomen pumping-engines - More orders from Cornwall - Watt in Cornwall - United Mines district - Mines drowned - Watt and Jonathan Hornblower - Mrs. Watt's account of Cornwall - Chacewater engine finished - Its successful working - Watt's embarrassments and financial difficulties - Boulton's courage and perseverance, and Fothergill's despondency - Fire at Soho - Engine royalty on savings of fuel - Altercations with adventurers - Watt's frequent calls for Boulton's help - Boulton's harassments - Proceeds to Cornwall - Watt's return to Birmingham - His despondency - Boulton sustains the firm - Orders for engines from abroad - William Murdock, his excellencies of character and ability - First interview with Boulton and engagement - Sent to Cornwall - His mode of dealing with the captains - Watt's altercations with the Cornishmen - His reliance on Boulton - Altercation with Trevithick = 230
• CHAPTER XIV. : Lieutenant Henderson in Cornwall - Boulton's financial embarrassments increase - Boulton and Fothergill - The "Soho pictures" - Watt's letter-copying machine - Boulton pushes the machine - Demand for copying-presses - More financial difficulties - Watt's sufferings and melancholy - More Cornish engines wanted - Engine-dues - Boulton cheers Watt - Mining adventurers' meetings - Boulton and Watt take shares - The mines - Boulton organises the mining business - Boulton's house at Cosgarne, Cornwall - Mrs. Watt describes her husband's miseries and weakness - The engine patent threatened by the Cornish men - Watt on patent right - The Birmingham Copper Company - Boulton improves engine-boilers by introducing tubes - His MSS. and drawings concerning mechanical and scientific experiments - His indefatigable industry = 261
• CHAPTER XV. : Watt again visits Cornwall - Rotary motion - The crank-engine at Soho - Theft of the invention - Matthew Washborough - Smeaton and steam- power - Rotary-motion engine - Boulton and Watt's cares - Evasions of the engine patent - The Hornblowers' engine - Watt's new inventions - Boulton's confidence in the engine - Air- engine - Watt's fears for the patent - The rotary engine invented - New improvements introduced - The equalising beam - Watt's ill health and humour - Various expedients for producing circular motion - Murdock's sun-and-planet motion - Patent taken for the reciprocating expansive engine - Troubles with workmen - Murdock's efficiency and popularity - Watt's despondency - The firm's London agent's house burnt - Gloomy prospects of the mining trade = 285
• CHAPTER XVI. : Financial position of the firm - Rotary engines for mills - Boulton's battles with the Cornish adventurers - His life in Cornwall - Murdock and the miners - The Hornblowers' engine at Radstoke - Watt at Bristol - Major Tucker - Steam mills - Rotary motion applied - The first rotative engines - Pumping-engines for the Fens - Boulton's health fails - He visits Scotland, Carron ironworks, Lord Dundonald - His extensive correspondence - Grumbling in Cornwall - Concessions to the miners - Press of work at Soho - Watt's invention of the parallel motion and the governor - Murdock's model locomotive - Boulton's praise of Murdock - More pumping-engines wanted - Boulton's affection for his children - Letter to his son - His scientific recreations - Domestic enjoyment at Cosgarne = 317
• CHAPTER XVII. : Boulton's action in commercial politics - His interview with Pitt - Agitation against Pitt's commercial policy - The "Irish resolutions" - Watt on free commerce - Is opposed to political agitation - Combination against patents - Fluctuations in the business at Soho - Engine orders from various quarters - The Cornish copper-miners - The Copper Company formed, and Boulton's part in it - Riots in Cornwall - Boulton's life threatened - The esteem in which he was held in Cornwall - His intimacy with the Quakers - The Albion Mill scheme - The double-acting engines for the mill - Ill-success of the undertaking - Albion Mill burnt down - Demand for rotative engines - Want of skill and misconduct of workmen - Wedgwood's advice to Watt - Speculativeness of Boulton - His embarrassments - Watt's caution in investing - Boulton's health fails - His depressed spirits - Generosity to Watt = 342
• CHAPTER XVIII. : Friends of Boulton and Watt - The Lunar Society - Provincial scientific societies - Distinguished associates of the Lunar Society - Dr. Darwin - Dr. Priestley, his gifts and accomplishments - Josiah Wedgwood - Meetings and discussions of the Lunar Society - Dr. Priestloy's speculations and experiments - Composition of water, Watt and Cavendish - Bleaching by chlorine - Sun-pictures - Saint-Fond at Birmingham, his descriptions of Watt and Priestley - Declin&of the Lunar Society = 367
• CHAPTER XIX. : Increasing debasement of the coinage - Punishments for counterfeiting - Birmingham coiners - Boulton refuses orders for base money - Executes a contract for coin for the East India Company - Applies the steam-engine to coining - Improves the coining apparatus - Political action in relation to base coin - Strikes model coins for inspection of the Privy Council - Opposed by the Mint authorities - Presents model coins to the king - Executes coinage orders for foreign governments - His success - Medalling - Description of the Soho mint - Large consumption of copper in coining - Threatened attack on Soho. by a mob - Boulton executes the new copper coinage for Great Britain - Erects the new Government Mint on Tower Hill, and mints for foreign countries - Watt's estimate of Boulton's improvements in coining = 386
• CHAPTER XX. : Prosperity of Soho - Relaxed strain upon Boulton and Watt - Watt's pleasure tours - His interview with the king at Windsor - Matthew Robinson Boulton, and James Watt, jun., join their fathers in the business - their character and attainments - Boulton and young Watt - Young Boulton's return from Paris - The French revolution - The Birmingham riots - Priestley's house destroyed - Unpopularity of the "Philosophers" - Young Watt and the Jacobins -Watt's flight from Paris - Denounced by Burke - Mr. Watt's fear for his son's safety - The sons join their fathers in partnership - Important services of the young partners - Evasion of engine-dues, resistance of the Cornish mining companies - Legal proceedings and favourable judgments - Progress of the engine business - William Murdock - His valuable services - His engine improvements - Return to Soho - Invents gas-lighting - Winsor's wonderful schemes - Murdock's various inventions - Substitute for isinglass, his idea of power wasted in streets, atmospheric railway, &c. - His death = 400
• CHAPTER XXI. : First attempts to construct steamboats - All attempts fail until Watt's condensing engine invented-The locomotive of Watt and Murdock - William Symington - His model locomotive - Symington at Edinburgh - Steam-engine for canal-boats proposed by Symington - Miller's paddle-boats - Symington, Miller, and Taylor co-operate to produce a steamboat - Sir John Dalrymple's inquiries of Boulton on the same subject - Boulton's reply - Symington's engine finished and fitted in Miller's boat - Successful experiment - Symington makes another engine, further experiments - Miller applies to Boulton and Watt to join speculation - Watt's reply - Symington's engine for the `Charlotte Dundas' - Symington's success frustrated - Fulton and Bell inspect the `Charlotte Dundas` - Fulton's steamboat on the Seine - His `Nautilus' - His application to James Watt, jun. - Boulton's caution, his letter to Lord Hawkesbury - Fulton orders an engine from Soho for the `Clermont' - Its success - Henry Bell's steamboat `Comet' - Development of steam-navigation - First rendered practicable through Watt's inventions = 434
• CHAPTER XXII. : Watt withdraws from Soho - Boulton continues his interest in business - His patent for raising water - The burglary at Soho - Sir Walter Scott and Boulton - Watt in retirement - Search for investments - Purchases land - Makes a foreign tour - Death of Mrs. Keir - Painful bereavements - Death of Dr. Black - Deaths of members of the Lunar Society - Watt's family bereavements - Watt's studies on the inhalation of gas - Gregory Watt, his brilliant talents - His friendship with Humphry Davy - His excursions and tours - His scientific pursuits - His illness and death - Davy on Gregory's death - Death of Professor Robison - Watt's estimate of Robison - Boulton's last days, his death and funeral - His character - Opinions of his contemporaries, Boswell and others, concerning him - Attachment of the workmen - His Mutual Assurance Society for the workmen - His powers of organisation - His business qualities - His strength, courage, and perseverance in fighting the battle of the steam-engine - Watt's estimate of Boulton - Boulton's generosity = 456
• CHAPTER XXIII. : Watt's closing years - His pursuits - His machine for copying statuary - Medallions of his friends - His garret workshop - Mrs. Watt's rule over her husband - Tenacious retention of his faculties - Is consulted by the Glasgow Waterworks Company - His visits to Cheltenham and other places - Growth and improvement of Glasgow - Watt's interview with the brothers Hart - His conversational powers - Sir Walter Scott's pane-gyric on Watt - His extensive and varied knowledge - His anecdotal powers - Fondness for novels - Description of him by visitors at Heathfield - His last improvements in the sculpture-copying machine - His last illness and peaceful death - Monumental honours - Lord Brougham's inscription - His qualities and genius - His modesty - His close observation - Facts and theory - Watt and Smeaton compared - Universal application of the steam-engine - Conclusion = 488
• INDEX = 515