Acrylonitrile

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• SYNOPSIS = 1
• 1.0 INTRODUCTION = 3
• 2.0 SUMMARY OF INFORMATION CRITICAL TO ASSESSMENT OF "TOXIC" UNDER CEPA 1999 = 7
• 2.1 Identity and physical／chemical properties = 7
• 2.2 Entry characterization = 7
• 2.2.1 Production, importation and uses = 7
• 2.2.2 Sources and releases = 7
• 2.2.2.1 Natural sources = 7
• 2.2.2.2 Anthropogenic sources = 7
• 2.2.2.2.1 Organic chemicals industry = 9
• 2.2.2.2.2 Vehicles = 9
• 2.2.2.2.3 Municipal wastewater treatment = 9
• 2.2.2.2.4 Transboundary sources = 10
• 2.2.2.2.5 Pesticide use = 10
• 2.3 Exposure characterization = 10
• 2.3.1 Environmental fate = 10
• 2.3.1.1 Air = 10
• 2.3.1.2 Water = 11
• 2.3.1.3 Soil and sediment = 11
• 2.3.1.4 Biota = 11
• 2.3.1.5 Environmental partitioning = 11
• 2.3.2 Environmental concentrations = 12
• 2.3.2.1 Ambient air = 12
• 2.3.2.2 Indoor air = 15
• 2.3.2.3 Surface water and groundwater = 15
• 2.3.2.4 Drinking water = 16
• 2.3.2.5 Soil and sediment = 16
• 2.3.2.6 Biota = 16
• 2.3.2.7 Food = 16
• 2.3.2.8 Multimedia study = 17
• 2.4 Effects characterization = 17
• 2.4.1 Ecotoxicology = 17
• 2.4.1.1 Terrestrial organisms = 17
• 2.4.1.2 Aquatic organisms = 18
• 2.4.1.3 Mode of action = 20
• 2.4.1.4 Microbial populations = 20
• 2.4.2 Abiotic atmospheric effects = 20
• 2.4.3 Experimental animals and in vitro = 21
• 2.4.3.1 Acute toxicity = 21
• 2.4.3.2 Short-term toxicity = 22
• 2.4.3.3 Subchronic toxicity = 22
• 2.4.3.4 Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity = 22
• 2.4.3.4.1 Inhalation = 22
• 2.4.3.4.2 Drinking water = 23
• 2.4.3.4.3 Gavage = 28
• 2.4.3.5 Genotoxicity = 29
• 2.4.3.5.1 In vitro studies = 29
• 2.4.3.5.2 In vivo studies = 30
• 2.4.3.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity = 31
• 2.4.3.7 Neurological effects and effects on the immune system = 32
• 2.4.3.8 Toxicokinetics and mode of action = 32
• 2.4.3.8.1 Toxicokinetics = 32
• 2.4.3.8.2 Mode of action = 33
• 2.4.4 Humans = 34
• 3.0 ASSESSMENT OF "TOXIC" UNDER CEPA 1999 = 37
• 3.1 CEPA 1999 64(a) : Environment = 37
• 3.1.1 Assessment endpoints = 37
• 3.1.1.1 Terrestrial organisms = 37
• 3.1.1.2 Aquatic organisms = 37
• 3.1.2 Environmental risk characterization = 38
• 3.1.2.1 Terrestrial organisms = 38
• 3.1.2.2 Aquatic organisms = 38
• 3.1.2.3 Discussion of uncertainty = 39
• 3.2 CEPA 1999 64(b) : Environment on which life depends = 40
• 3.3 CEPA 1999 64(c) : Human health = 40
• 3.3.1 Estimated population exposure = 40
• 3.3.2 Hazard characterization = 44
• 3.3.2.1 Effects in humans = 44
• 3.3.2.2 Effects in experimental animals = 44
• 3.3.3 Dose-response analyses = 46
• 3.3.3.1 Effects in humans = 46
• 3.3.3.2 Effects in experimental animals = 47
• 3.3.3.2.1 Non-neoplastic effects = 47
• 3.3.3.2.2 Cancer = 48
• 3.3.4 Human health risk characterization = 50
• 3.3.5 Uncertainties and degree of confidence in human health risk characterization = 53
• 3.4 Conclusions = 54
• 3.5 Considerations for follow-up(further action) = 55
• 4.0 REFERENCES = 57
• APPENDIX A SEARCH STRATEGIES EMPLOYED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF RELEVANT DATA = 75
• LIST OF TABLES
• TABLE 1 Physical and chemical properties of acrylonitrile = 8
• TABLE 2 Demand for acrylonitrile in Canada, 1990-1997 = 8
• TABLE 3 Predicted concentrations of acrylonitrile in southern Ontario from ChemCAN3 modelling with various half-lives in air given(reported releases under Section 16 of CEPA for 1996) = 13
• TABLE 4 Maximum predicted ground-level concentrations of acrylonitrile at an Ontario industrial site = 14
• TABLE 5 Quantitative estimates of carcinogenic potency, derived for tumour incidences reported in an inhalation bioassay with Sprague-Dawley rats = 24
• TABLE 6 Quantitative estimates of carcinogenic potency, derived for tumour incidences reported in a drinking water bioassay with Sprague-Dawley rats = 25
• TABLE 7 Quantitative estimates of carcinogenic potency, derived for tumour incidences reported in a drinking water bioassay with F344 rats = 27
• TABLE 8 Risk characterization summary for environmental effects of acrylonitrile = 38
• TABLE 9 Estimated daily intake of acrylonitrile by the population of Canada = 41
• TABLE 10 Estimated relative daily intake of acrylonitrile by the population of Canada based upon the results of fugacity modelling = 42
• TABLE 11 Estimated daily intake of acrylonitrile by the population of Canada : worst-case upper-bound estimates = 43
• LIST OF FIGURES
• FIGURE 1 Chemical structure of acrylonitrile = 7