Carbon black : science and technology

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Foreword = ⅲ
• Preface = ⅳ
• Contributors = xv
• Introductions = xvii
• Chapter 1 MANUFACTURE OF CARBON BLACK / Gerhard K$${\ddot u}$$hner ; Manfred Voll = 1
• 1.1. The Carbon Black Industry = 2
• 1.2. Carbon Black Manufacturing Processes = 6
• 1.2.1. Classification of Carbon Black Manufacturing Processes = 6
• 1.2.2. Individual Sections of a Carbon Black Production Plant = 9
• 1.3. Feedstocks = 9
• 1.4. Production by the Furnace Black Process = 14
• 1.4.1. Description of the Process = 14
• 1.4.2. Control of Quality and Economic Efficiency = 31
• 1.4.3. Process Variants and Patents = 49
• 1.5. Other Manufacturing Processes = 54
• 1.5.1. Lampblack Processes = 54
• 1.5.2. Gas Black Process／Channel Black Process = 57
• 1.5.3. Thermal Black Process = 59
• 1.5.4. Acetylene Black Process = 61
• 1.5.5. Gas Furnace Black Process (Historic) = 61
• 1.5.6. Carbon Black Formed as Byproduct = 62
• 1.6. After-Treatment of Carbon Black = 62
• 1.6.1. Oxidative After-Treatment = 63
• 1.6.2. Other Methods of After-Treatment = 64
• Chapter 2 MECHANISM OF CARBON BLACK FORMATION / Roop Chand Bansal ; Jean-Baptiste Donnet = 67
• 2.1. Formation of Soot Precursors = 68
• 2.1.1. Nucleation of Soot Particle Inception = 71
• 2.1.2. C₂ Condensation Theory = 71
• 2.1.3. The Acetylene Theory = 72
• 2.1.4. The Polyacetylene Theory = 73
• 2.2. Soot Formation Involving Ions = 74
• 2.2.1. The Polyaromatisation Theory = 76
• 2.3. Aggregation of Soot Particles (Particle Growth) = 79
• 2.4. Surface Growth = 81
• 2.5. Soot Oxidation = 83
• Chapter 3 MICROSTRUCTURE. MORPHOLOGY AND GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTITES / William M. Hess ; Charles R. Herd = 89
• 3.1. Background = 90
• 3.2. Microstructure = 91
• 3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction = 91
• 3.2.2. Dark Field Electron Microscopy = 94
• 3.2.3. Oxidatiion Studies = 94
• 3.2.4. Diffracted Beam Electron Microscopy = 95
• 3.2.5. Phase Contrast TEM Imaging = 100
• 3.2.6. High Resolution SEM, STEM, STM, SFM and AFM Imaging = 104
• 3.3. Morphological Properties = 106
• 3.3.1. Terminology = 106
• 3.3.2. Particle Size = 108
• 3.3.3. Surface Area = 116
• 3.3.4. Porosity = 121
• 3.3.5. Aggregate Size = 126
• 3.3.6. Aggregate Shape = 132
• 3.3.7. Fractal Models = 142
• 3.4. Other Physical Properties = 147
• 3.4.1. Density = 147
• 3.4.2. Electronic Properties = 152
• 3.4.3. Thermal Conductivity = 155
• 3.4.4. Bulk Properties = 158
• 3.4.5. Impurities = 160
• Chapter 4 SURFACE GROUPS ON CARBON BLACKS / Roop Chand Bansal ; Jean-Baptiste Donnet = 175
• 4.1. Carbon Black Surface Compounds = 175
• 4.1.1. Carbon-Oxygen Surface Groups = 177
• 4.1.2. Carbon-Hydrogen Surface Groups = 178
• 4.1.3. Carbon-Nitrogen Surface Complexes = 180
• 4.1.4. Carbon-Sulphur Surface Complexes = 180
• 4.1.5. Carbon-Halogen Surface Compounds = 183
• 4.2. Characterization of Surface Groups = 186
• 4.2.1. Thermal Desorption = 189
• 4.2.2. Neutralization of Surface Groups = 193
• 4.2.3. Electrochemical Methods = 202
• 4.2.4. Thermometric Titration = 204
• 4.2.5. Specific Chemical Analysis = 204
• 4.2.6. Spectroscopic Methods = 206
• Chapter 5 CARBON BLACK SURFACE STUDIED BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY / Jean-Baptiste'$$ Donnet ; Emmanuel Custode'ro = 221
• 5.1. STM Technique and Equipment = 222
• 5.2. Structure of Carbon Black Surface = 223
• 5.2.1. Low Enlargement Images = 223
• 5.2.2. High Enlargement Images = 224
• 5.2.3. Modeling of Carbon Black Surface = 225
• Chapter 6 SURFACE ENERGY OF CARBON BLACK / Meng-Jiao Wang ; Siegfried Wolff = 229
• 6.1. Determination of Surface Energy by IGC = 230
• 6.2. $$\gamma _s^d$$ of Carbon Black = 233
• 6.3. Specific Compounent of Surface Energy = 235
• 6.4. Estimation of Polymer-Carbon Black Interaction = 236
• 6.5. Energetic Heterogeneity of Carbon Black Surface = 237
• Chapter 7 FRACTAL GEOMETRY / Alain Le M$$e'$$haute' ; Michel Gerspacher ; Claude Tricot = 245
• 7.1. Fractal Geometry = 246
• 7.2. Carbon Black = 249
• 7.3. Scattering of Fractally Rough Surfaces = 251
• 7.4. Fractal Dimension of the Aggregate Boundary = 253
• 7.5. Molecular Adsorption on Fractal Surfaces = 256
• 7.6. Characterization of the Aggregate Void Structure by Thermoporometry = 257
• 7.7. The Electrochemical Characterization of Carbon Blacks = 260
• 7.8. Mechanical Impedance Spectroscopy = 262
• 7.9. Conclusion = 266
• Chapter 8 CONDUCTING CARBON BLACK / Nicolas Probst = 271
• 8.1 Electrical COnductivity = 271
• 8.1.1. Intrinsic Carbon Black Conductivity = 271
• 8.1.2. Conductivity Imparted by Carbon Black to Composite = 273
• 8.1.3. Perolation Theory = 281
• 8.1.4. The Level of Conductivity in the Conductive Zone = 283
• 8.1.5. Conducting Mechanism in the Polymer-Carbon Black Composite = 284
• 8.1.6. Conductive Carbon Blacks = 284
• 8.2. Thermal Conductivity of Polymer-Carbon Black Compound = 285
• Chapter 9 CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT OF ELASTOMERS / Siegfriend Wolff ; Meng-Jiao Wang = 289
• 9.1. Effect of Carbon Blacks in Rubber = 290
• 9.1.1. Interfacial Interaction between Carbon Black ad Polymer = 290
• 9.1.2. Occlusion of Rubber = 296
• 9.1.3. Filler Networking = 298
• 9.2. The Properties of Uncured Compounds = 301
• 9.2.1. Compound Viscosity = 301
• 9.2.2. Die Swell = 303
• 9.2.3. $$\alpha _f$$ = 306
• 9.3. The Properties of Filled Vulcanizates = 307
• 9.3.1. Swelling = 308
• 9.3.2. Stress-Strain Behavior = 309
• 9.3.3. Effects of Carbon Blacks of Energy Lossin Vulcanizates = 315
• 9.3.4. Effects of Carbon Blacks on the Fracture Properties of Vulcanizates = 327
• 9.4. Property-Loading Master Curve = 345
• Chapter 10 FRACTURE OF CARBON BALCK FILLED VULCANIZATES AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND UNDER SWOLLEN CONDITIONS / Anil K. Bhowmick = 357
• 10.1. Contributions to Fracture Energy = 359
• 10.1.1. Energy Dissipation = 359
• 10.1.3. Strain Induced Crystallization = 360
• 10.1.4. Tear Deviation During Fracture = 361
• 10.2. Tear and Tensile Strength at High Temperature = 362
• 10.3. Fatrgue Failure and Wear at High Temperature = 364
• 10.4. Effect of Swelling on Tear, Tensile and Fatigue Strength and Abrasion = 369
• Chapter 11 DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF LOADED ELASTOMERS / Michel Gerspacher = 377
• 11.1. Background = 377
• 11.1.1. Low Strain Dynamic Properties : General Considerations = 378
• 11.1.2. High Strain Properties : General Considerations = 380
• 11.2. Experimental Results = 382
• 11.2.1. Low Strain (＜10%) Results : "G-Polt" Similarity = 382
• 11.2.2. High Strain Results = 383
• 11.3. Interpretation of the Results = 383
• 11.3.1. Filler-Filler Interaction = 383
• 11.3.2. Filler-Polymer Interaction = 385
• 11.3.3. Predictability of Carbon Black Characteristics = 386
• Chapter 12 CARBON BALCK IN PLASTICS / John M. Funt ; William L. Sifleet ; Marcel Tomm$$e' = 389
• 12.1. Conductive Applications = 391
• 12.1.1. Wire and Cable Applications = 395
• 12.1.2. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding (EMI) = 397
• 12.1.3. Anti-Static Shielding = 397
• 12.2. Ultraviolet Protection of Plastics = 398
• 12.3. Color Applications = 402
• 12.4. Other Compound Properties = 405
• 12.4.1. Processability = 405
• 12.4.2. Mechanical Properties = 407
• Chapter 13 CARBON BLACK IN XEROGRAPHIC TONERS / Paul C. Jelien = 409
• 13.1. Electrical Charging Characteristics = 410
• 13.1.1. Triboelectrification = 410
• 13.1.2. Electronegativity and Work Functions = 410
• 13.1.3. Composite Morphology and Dielectric Measurements = 412
• 13.1.4. ESR and ENDOR Studies = 415
• 13.2. Rheological Properties = 417
• 13.3. Summary = 419
• Chapter 14 HEALTH EFFECTS OF CARBON BLACK / Donald Rivin = 423
• 14.1 Production and Product Characteristics = 423
• 14.2. Emissions and Occupational Exposure = 424
• 14.3. Extractable PAH = 424
• 14.4. Acute Toxicity = 425
• 14.5. Inhalation Toxicology = 425
• 14.6. Genetic Toxicology = 427
• 14.7. Epidemiology = 427
• 14.8. Food Contact Regulations = 428
• Author Index = 431
• Suject Index = 449