World science report, 1998

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Introductory essay What future for science? / John Maddox = 13
• 1 Status of world science
• Indications of world science today / R$$e'$$mi Barr$$e'$$ = 22
• TABLES
• Scientific output measured in publications = 24
• Scientific output by discipline, measured in publications, 1995 = 25
• Technological output measured in patents, 1990-95 = 26
• R&D output related to GDP 1994 = 27
• Financing and implementation of R&D in the Triad, 994 = 27
• Scientific output of the Triad by discipline, measured in publications = 28
• Technological output of the Triad by field, measured in patents = 29
• FIGURES
• GERD, GDP and GERD／GDP ratios for different regions in the world, 994 = 23
• Technological output of the Triad measured in patents = 28
• North America / Rodney W. Nichols ; J. Thomas Ratchford = 31
• TABLES
• Comparative R&D indicators for the USA and Canada, 1996 = 33
• US historical trends in federal government outlay and R&D = 34
• Canadian and US academic expenditure on R&D, 1996 = 38
• US national funds for R&D = 38
• US federal support for R&D at colleges and universities = 39
• US R&D expenditure in the independent sector = 41
• Change in non-federal funds for US industrial R&D = 42
• Selected data on human resources for R&D in Canada and the USA, 1993 = 49
• Funding and performance of US basic research = 52
• FIGURES
• US R&D effort, 1996 = 32
• Canadian R&D effort, 1996 = 33
• US federal R&D funding = 35
• Share US R&D by state in which the R&D is performed and selected state CERD／GSP ratios = 37
• US R&D spending, 1960-96 = 39
• US higher education, 1993 = 40
• Annual changes in US R&D spending by industry, 1980-96 = 41
• US corporate R&D, 1975-95 = 43
• Trends in technology trade, 1975-93 = 45
• Interest and attentiveness to S&T = 47
• US public assessment of research and technologies, 1985-95 = 48
• Employed doctoral scientists and engineers in the USA, 1993 = 50
• Doctorates awarded in all fields and in science and engineering in the USA, 1983 and 1993 = 51
• Latin America and the Caribbean / Ana Mar$$i$$a Cetto ; Hebe Vessuri = 55
• TABLES
• Graduate students and R&D personnel in Latin America and the Caribbean = 59
• Trends in GERD in Latin America and the Caribbean = 64
• Latin American scientific and technical journals = 67
• FIGURE
• Active serial titles worldwide = 67
• Western Europe / Michel Andr$$e'$$ ; Paolo Fasella ; Antonio Ruberti = 76
• TABLES
• GERD in Western Europe as a percentage of GDP = 77
• Total GERD in Western Europe = 78
• Total R&D scientists and engineers in Western Europe = 81
• Patent applications in Western Europe = 83
• FIGURES
• GERD in Western Europe by sector of finance = 79
• R&D scientists and engineers in Western Europe per 1000 of the labour force = 80
• Scientific publications in Western Europe, 1990 and 1995 = 82
• EU government R&D appropriations for defence, 1990-95 = 84
• Technology alliances involving EU members by country, 1992-95 = 88
• Technology alliances involving EU members by sector, 1984-95 = 89
• Israel / Shlomo Herskovic ; Amnon Pazy = 98
• TABLES
• Age characteristics of senior academic teaching staff = 101
• Scientific publications of Israeli researchers = 102
• International co-authorship = 103
• FIGURES
• Israel's gross expenditure on civilian R&D, 1994 = 98
• Expenditure on research in the university sector, 1994 = 99
• Students in Israeli universities, 1949／50-1994／95 = 100
• Science and engineering Doctorates granted, 1992 = 104
• Central and Eastern Europe / Istv$$a'$$n L$$a'$$ng ; M$$a'$$rton Tolnai = 107
• TABLES
• Scientometric weighting of six CEE countries and four developed countries, 1989-93 = 114
• Distribution of papers published by CEE authors in Nature and Science = 115
• Participation of the CEE countries in NAT0 cooperation programmes, 1995 = 117
• FIGURES
• GDP for the CEE countries, 1989-96 = 108
• Annual consumer price inflation in the CEE countries, 1995-98 = 109
• GERD in selected CEE countries = 111
• Total R&D personnel in selected CEE countries = 112
• Foreign direct investment in the CEE countries = 113
• Financial support to the CEE countries through PECO = 116
• The Baltic States / Tiina Ronk = 121
• TABLES
• Basic indicators for the Baltic States = 121
• Sources of R&D funding in the Baltic States = 123
• R&D expenditure in the Baltic States = 124
• R&D personnel in the Baltic States = 125
• Distribution of scientists and engineers in the Baltic States = 126
• Student populations in higher education in the Baltic States = 127
• FIGURES
• R&D state financing in the Baltic States, 1994 = 124
• Distribution of researchers in the Baltic States, 1994 = 126
• The Commonwealth of Independent States / Leonid Gokhberg = 129
• TABLES
• Rates of decline of key economic indicators in the CIS = 130
• Major higher education indicators of the CIS, 1995／96 = 133
• R&D personnel in the CIS by category = 141
• Major CIS-Western collaboration = 148
• FIGURES
• The higher education system in Russia = 131
• R&D expenditure in the CIS = 138
• Distribution of R&D expenditure in the CIS, 1991 and 1995 = 140
• R&D personnel in the CIS per 10000 of the labour force = 143
• Social status of scientists and engineers in Russia = 144
• The Arab States / Subhi Qasem = 151
• TABLES
• Growth of tertiary institutions in the Arab States = 152
• Growth of student enrolment in the Arab States = 153
• Students enrolled in S&T in the Arab States = 154
• Private sector share of science undergraduates in two Arab States, 1996 = 154
• University S&T teaching staff in the Arab States = 156
• S&T staff／student ratios in the Arab States = 156
• University undergraduate students in the Arab States, 1996 = 157
• R&D institutional units in the Arab States = 160
• Increase in the number of researchers and support staff in the Arab States = 162
• FIGURES
• Distribution of S&T students in the Arab States, 1996 = 154
• Distribution of all students in the Arab States, 1996 = 154
• Distribution of students by S&T field in the Arab States = 155
• Bachelor's degree graduates in the Arab States, 1980-95 = 158
• Distribution of researchers in the Arab States, 1996 = 163
• Africa / Titus Adeboye = 166
• TABLES
• Student population in Africa, 1991 = 167
• Science enrolment, R&D personnel and industry in Africa = 169
• National research centres in Africa, 1995 = 170
• R&D personnel in the national research centres of Africa, 1995 = 171
• R&D personnel engaged in the productive sector in Africa = 172
• Scientists and engineers engaged in higher education and general services in Africa = 173
• R&D expenditure in Africa = 175
• Human development index(HDI) for Africa = 179
• FIGURES
• Specialization of R&D centres in Africa, 1995 = 172
• R&D personnel in Africa, 1995 = 172
• Scientists, engineers and technicians in Africa = 174
• South Africa / Khotso Mokhele = 182
• TABLES
• South African Research and Technology Foresight Clusters = 183
• Industrial Cluster Studies currently under way = 184
• Estimates of government department budget outlays for S&T in South Africa, 1995／96 = 184
• Est[mates of business sector R&D investment in South Africa, 1995 = 186
• South African R&D expenditure by major research field = 187
• South African R&D expenditure by principal field of application = 187
• Growth in South African higher education = 188
• FIGURES
• Total R&D performed in South Africa in each sector, 1993／94 = 185
• Government appropriations to South African Science Research Councils, 1997／98 = 186
• Mathematics passes and failures in South African high schools, 1993 = 188
• Distribution of South African degrees, 1993 = 189
• The South African workforce, 1994 = 190
• South Asia / Ashok Jain = 192
• TABLES
• Economic activity in South Asia = 193
• Human resources in South Asia = 194
• Tertiary students in South Asia = 195
• Postgraduates in South Asia = 195
• Scientific output of South Asia measured in published papers, 1993-95 = 196
• R&D expenditure in India by scientific agency, 1995 = 197
• Central and industrial R&D expenditure in India, 1995 = 199
• S&T degree and diploma holders in India = 200
• PhDs awarded in India = 200
• Growth in female tertiary-level enrolment in India, 1989-95 = 201
• R&D personnel in South Asia = 201
• R&D personnel in India's industrial sector, 1994 = 202
• Expenditure on R&D in Iran, 1992-94 = 203
• University enrolment in Pakistan, 1995／96 = 206
• FIGURES
• GERD in South Asia as a percentage of GDP = 193
• Trends in Indian national expenditure on R&D, 1990-96 = 198
• Funding of extramural R&D projects in India, 1994-95 = 199
• Performance of R&D in Iran, 1992 and 1994 = 204
• GERD in Sri Lanka, 1996 = 208
• Scientists and engineers in Sri Lanka, 1997 = 209
• Postgraduate S&T students in Sri Lanka by gender and discipline, 1991 and 1995 = 210
• South-East Asia and the Pacific Rim / Tim Turpin ; Heather Spence ; Sam Garrett-Jones ; Antony Marsh = 212
• TABLES
• Distribution of GDP in the Pacific Rim by sector = 214
• GERD in the Pacific Rim as a percentage of GDP = 215
• GERD in the Pacific Rim by source of funds = 215
• International rankings by growth in business funding of R&D, 1981-93 = 218
• Patents registered in the USA by the Pacific Rim, 1986 and 1996 = 219
• Scientists and technicians in the Pacific Rim = 222
• Total R&D personnel in the Pacific Rim = 222
• Researchers in the Republic of Korea = 225
• GERD in Japan, 1995 = 230
• Students in tertiary education in the Pacific Rim = 233
• FIGURES
• Nominal GNP per capita in the Pacific Rim, 1995 = 212
• Variations in real GDP growth rates in the Pacific Rim, 1990-95 = 213
• GERD in Japan as a percentage of GDP, 1990-95 = 231
• Total researchers in Japan = 231
• China / Zhou Guangzhao = 237
• TABLES
• S&T personnel in China = 238
• Classification of S&T personnel in China = 238
• State funding of S&T in China = 238
• Public understanding of S&T in China, the USA and the UK = 244
• FIGURE
• State funding of R&D in China, 1993-95 = 239
• 2 Contemporary issues
• Science and food security / M. S. Swaminathan = 248
• TABLE
• Donors for various traits being used for developing the new plant type in rice = 253
• FIGURES
• US corn yields and types of corn, 1860-1990 = 251
• Area and Yield of hybrid rice in China, 1983-90 = 252
• Progress in the yield potential of rice = 253
• Field releases of transgenic crops = 256
• Field releases of transgenic crops by category = 257
• Science and the management of water / Uri Shamir = 260
• TABLES
• Annual renewable water resources worldwide = 262
• Annual renewable water resources by country = 263
• Water transfer projects = 266
• Global average quantities of water withdrawn and consumed = 266
• Globalization and scientific communities in developing countries / V. V. Krishna ; Roland Waast ; Jacques Gaillard = 273
• TABLE
• International co-publications = 282