Organized labor's participation in social work ..

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = ⅴ
• LIST OF TABLES = xiii
• CHAPTER Ⅰ AN INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT = 1
• 1. Some Introductory Considerations = 1
• 2. Initiating and Conditioning Factors = 3
• 3. A Preview of Problems and Issues = 7
• CHAPTER Ⅱ NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN UNIONISM = 12
• 1. Factors in the Making of American Unionism = 13
• 2. The Period of the Beginnings, 1790 - 1827 = 18
• 3. The Awakening, 1827 - 1834 = 23
• 4. Attempts at National Federation, 1834 - 1837 = 30
• 5. Humanitarian Aspirations : The Isms of 1837 - 1852 = 33
• 6. "Safe and Sane" Unionism, 1852 - 1860 = 43
• 7. Civil War Unionism, 1860 - 1867 = 45
• 8. Emergence of a National Labor Movement = 46
• 9. Advent of the Era of Federated Trade Unions = 72
• CHAPTER Ⅲ AMERICAN TRADE UNION HISTORY, 1890 - 1920 = 76
• 1. From the 1890's to the World War = 78
• 1. The "Stabilization" years, 1887 - 1897 = 79
• 2. Trade-union Growth, 1897 - 1914 = 82
• 3. Economic and Social Background = 86
• 4. Stabilization of Contractual Relations = 92
• 5. Opposition of Employers = 95
• 6. Problems of Structure = 102
• 7. Challenges from the Left = 106
• 8. Trade Unionism and Politics, 1897 - 1914 = 123
• 2. Wartime Unionism, 1914 - 1920 = 128
• 1. The Wartime Background = 130
• 2. Increase in, and Distribution of, Trade-union Membership = 132
• 3. Labor's Attitude toward the War = 136
• 4. Government Labor Policies and Unionism = 138
• 3. The Postarmistice Years, 1918 - 1920 = 140
• CHAPTER Ⅳ AMERICAN UNIONISM OF THE 1920's = 150
• 1. Conditioning and Determining Factors of the Decade = 150
• 2. Trade-union Membership during the Decade = 162
• 3. The Open-shop Offensive : Breaking of Trade-union Control = 165
• 4. New Policies and Theories : Restatement of Economic Aims = 171
• 5. Organizational Efforts and Tactics = 178
• 6. Left-wing Unionism during the 1920's = 178
• 7. Labor and Politics during the 1920's = 181
• CHAPTER Ⅴ AMERICAN UNIONISM SINCE 1930 = 188
• 1. Background Forces and Developments = 188
• 2. Trade-union Expansion : Membership Trends = 192
• 3. The Problem of Structure : Labor's Civil War = 201
• 4. Organizing Policies = 222
• 5. Employer Policies = 230
• 6. Labor and Politics since 1930 = 232
• 7. Left-wing Unionism since 1930 = 238
• CHAPTER Ⅵ TRADE-UNION STRUCTURE, GOVERNMENT, AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS = 243
• 1. The Local Union and Its Government = 245
• 1. Local Government and Administration = 246
• 2. The Business Agent = 250
• 2. The International and Its Government = 253
• 3. The Work of the International and of the Local Union = 257
• 4. Admission to Membership : Union Finance = 259
• 1. Admission to Membership = 259
• 2. Union Finance : Initiation Fees and Dues = 264
• 5. Trade Councils : Local, District, and State = 270
• 6. Allied Trades Organizations : Demarcation and Jurisdiction Disputes : Industrial Unionism = 271
• 1. Craft versus Industrial Unionism = 272
• 2. Amalgamation as a Constructive Answer = 278
• 3. The American Federation of Labor, Its Departments, and their Subsidiaries = 279
• a. The Railway Employees' Department = 280
• b. The Metal Trades Department = 282
• c. The Building and Construction Trades Department = 286
• 4. Trade Alliances : An Evaluation = 300
• 8. City Central Bodies(American Federation of Labor) = 301
• 9. State Federations of Labor = 303
• 10. The American Federation of Labor = 305
• 11. The Congress of Industrial Organizations = 313
• CHAPTER Ⅶ TRADE-UNION INSTITUTIONALISM = 321
• 1. Workers' Education = 322
• 1. Workers' Education in England = 323
• 2. Workers' Education in the United States = 325
• 2. Trade-union Benefits and Insurance = 333
• 3. Cooperative Business Enterprise = 336
• 1. Producers' Cooperatives = 336
• 2. Consumers' Cooperation = 338
• 4. Cooperative Housing = 341
• 5. Cooperative Financial Enterprises = 343
• 1. Credit Unions = 343
• 2. Labor Banks = 344
• CHAPTER Ⅷ THE UNION IN INDUSTRY : THE THEORY OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING = 353
• 1. Union Theory of Collective Bargaining = 354
• 2. Collective Bargaining and Economic Theory = 360
• 1. Economists' View of Collective Bargaining = 360
• 2. Factors Other than Wages = 364
• 3. Further Observations on Wages = 366
• 3. Some of the Economic Effects of Collective Bargaining = 370
• 4. The Effects of Collective Bargaining upon the Wages and Employment of Nonunionists = 382
• 5. Effect of Union Effort on the General Level of Wages = 384
• CHAPTER Ⅸ SOME TRADE-UNION POLICIES AND PRACTICES = 389
• 1. The Control of Wages : The Standard Rate = 389
• 1. The Standard Rate : Criticisms and Problems = 390
• 2. Piece Rates = 395
• a. The Stove Industry = 402
• b. The Needle Trades = 404
• 2. Bonus Systems ； Protecting the Standard Rate = 407
• 3. The Policies of Unions with Respect to Wage Levels and Wage Changes = 408
• 1. Depression Wage Theory = 410
• 2. Wages and Prosperity = 416
• 3. Sliding Scales = 418
• 4. The Hours of Labor = 420
• 5. Machinery and Improved Processes = 429
• 1. Union Attitudes and Policies = 430
• 2. Concrete Cases = 431
• 6. Union Policy and Useless Processes and Uneconomical Work Organization = 437
• 7. Unions and the Sources of Materials = 437
• CHAPTER Ⅹ SOME TRADE-UNION POLICIES AND PRACTICES(Concluded) = 439
• 1. Unions, Apprentices, and Helpers = 439
• 1. Apprenticeship Programs = 440
• 2. Management Policies = 442
• 3. Union Objectives and Policies = 443
• 4. Helpers = 450
• 2. Hiring, Promotion, and Discharge = 453
• 1. Hiring and Other Rules = 453
• 2. Seniority Rules = 455
• 3. Direct Restriction and Regulation of Output = 459
• 4. Union Attitudes toward Production, and Union-management Cooperation = 464
• 5. The Closed, the Preferential, and the Open Shop = 470
• 1. Development and Character of the Issue = 470
• 2. Types of Union Status = 472
• 3. Prevailing Union-status Arrangements = 477
• 4. Some Questions of Justifiability = 479
• CHAPTER XI TRADE UNIONS, THE LAW, AND THE COURTS = 486
• 1. Policy in Other Countries = 487
• 2. The Development of the English Law = 490
• 1. Combination Acts and Later Legislation = 491
• 2. Legislative Enlargement of Labor's Self-help Area = 493
• 3. Taff-Vale Decision and the Act of 1906 = 495
• 4. The Act of 1927 = 496
• 3. The Law of Trade Unionism in the United States = 498
• 1. The Common-law Basis = 499
• a. The Conspiracy Doctrine = 499
• b. Early American Conspiracy Cases = 503
• c. Modifications of the Conspiracy Doctrine = 504
• d. The Restraint-of-trade Doctrine = 506
• 2. The Right to Organize = 509
• a. Court Decisions = 510
• b. "Yellow-dog" Contracts = 511
• c. The Hitchman Decision = 513
• d. Subsequent Legislation = 517
• e. Protection under the Railway Labor Act and New Deal Legislation = 520
• 3. The National Labor Relations Act = 522
• a. Constitutionality of the National Labor Relations Act = 523
• b. Scope and Application of the National Labor Relations Act = 524
• c. The Import of Various Provisions = 528
• 4. State Labor Relations Acts = 533
• 5. "Wagner Acts" Challenged = 534
• 6. Law of the Strike and the Lockout = 554
• a. Law of the Lockout = 555
• b. Law of the Strike = 556
• c. Strikes for the Closed Shop = 560
• d. Outlawing of Employers' Closed Shop = 565
• 7. Labor Disputes and Federal Law = 567
• a. The Sherman and Clayton Acts = 568
• b. Recent Trends in Sherman Act Construction = 575
• 8. The Boycott and the Black List = 581
• a. The Boycott = 581
• b. The Norris-LaGuardia Immunities = 591
• c. The Black List = 593
• d. Public Policy and the Secondary Boycott = 596
• 9. The War Labor Disputes Act of 1943 = 599
• CHAPTER XII TRADE UNIONS, THE LAW, AND THE COURTS(Concluded) = 603
• 1. Some Employers' Activities = 603
• 1. Employer Methods = 604
• 2. Industrial Espionage = 606
• 3. Regulation of Detective Agencies = 608
• 4. Citizens' Committees = 612
• 2. Some Union Activities = 613
• 1. Strike Benefits = 613
• 2. Picketing = 613
• 3. The Injunction in Labor Disputes = 620
• 1. Extent of the Use of the Injunction = 630
• 2. Theory and Nature of the Injunction = 632
• 3. Procedure in Injunction Cases = 633
• 4. The Injunction Problem = 635
• 5. Legislative Restrictions = 640
• a. The Norris-LaGuardia Act = 643
• b. The "Baby" Norris-LaGuardia Acts = 647
• 4. The Pecuniary Responsibility of Trade Unions = 651
• 1. Damage Suits = 661
• 2. Incorporation of Unions = 657
• 5. The Legal Status and Enforcement of Joint Agreements = 661
• 6. Violence, Law Enforcement, and the Policing of Industry = 667
• 1. The Reasons for Violence in America = 668
• 2. Concrete Cases = 672
• 3. Policing of Urban Industry = 674
• 4. Policing of Rural Industry = 677
• 5. Problems of State Policing = 685
• CHAPTER XIII THE PROBLEM OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS : THE CONCILIATION AND ARBITRATION OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES = 690
• 1. The Problem of Strikes and Lockouts = 691
• 1. Number and Trend of Strikes = 691
• 2. Some Explanations = 697
• 3. Causes = 699
• 4. The Costs of Strikes = 702
• 2. Settlement of Disputes within Industry = 706
• 3. Mediation and Arbitration by American State Agencies = 719
• 1. State Machinery = 720
• 2. Results of State Assistance = 723
• 4. The U.S. Conciliation Service = 727
• 5. The Adjustment of Railroad Labor Disputes = 730
• 1. Early History = 730
• a. The Erdman Act = 731
• b. The 1913 Board of Mediation = 732
• c. The 1916 Episode = 738
• d. Wartime Railroad Administration = 734
• 2. The Esch-Cummins Act = 735
• 3. The Act of 1926 = 737
• 4. 1934 Amendments = 743
• 6. The Maritime Labor Board = 748
• 7. Labor Disputes Machinery under the NRA and the National Labor Relations Act = 750
• 1. Right of Self-organization = 751
• 2. Code Agencies for Dispute Adjustment = 751
• 3. The National Labor Board = 754
• 4. The National Labor Relations Board of 1934 - 1935 = 759
• 8. World War Ⅱ Machinery = 762
• CHAPTER XIV THE PROBLEM OF STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS ； MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES = 776
• 1. In Great Britain = 776
• 2. The Canadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act and Related State Legislation = 783
• 3. Compulsory Arbitration of Industrial Disputes : New Zealand = 792
• 1. Environmental Factors = 793
• 2. Arbitration Policies and Machinery = 794
• 3. Results = 796
• 4. Later Modifications = 799
• 5. Effectiveness in Preserving Industrial Peace = 801
• 6. More Recent Developments = 803
• 4. Australian Experience with Compulsory Arbitration = 806
• 1. New South Wales = 807
• 2. Commonwealth of Australia = 811
• 5. Compulsory Arbitration in Kansas = 822
• 6. Some Concluding Observations = 828
• CHAPTER XV EMPLOYEE-REPRESENTATION PLANS AMD INDEPENDENT UNIONS = 830
• 1. The Development of Company Unionism in the United States = 832
• 1. Early and Prewar Period = 832
• 2. The World War Ⅰ Period = 833
• 3. Postwar Years to the New Deal = 836
• 2. Labor Organization and the "New Deal" = 840
• 3. The Labor Boards and Company Unionism = 843
• 4. Description and Characteristics of "Company Unions" = 855
• 5. Recent Changes in Company Unions = 862
• 6. Sponsorship and Objectives = 869
• 7. Company Unions as They Have Functioned = 874
• 8. Shortcomings of Company Unions = 879
• 9. Independent Unions of Recent Years = 886
• 10. Concluding Observations = 889
• INDEX = 891
• LIST OF TABLES
• 1. American Trade Unions, Total Membership and American Federation of Labor Membership, 1897 - 1914 = 83
• 2. Total Membership of American Trade Unions and of Unions Affiliated with the American Federation of Labor, and Annual Changes in Both, 1914 - 1920 = 132
• 3. Membership of American Trade Unions, Percentage in Each Industrial Group, 1910, 1914, 1920 = 135
• 4. Total Membership of American Trade Unions and of the American Federation of Labor, and Annual Changes in Total Membership of All Trade Unions, 1920 - 1930 = 163
• 5. Initiation Pees and Dues as Prescribed or Regulated and Benefits as Provided in Typical Union Constitutions = 267
• 6. Number of Unions Paying, and Amounts Paid for Various Types of, Trade-union Benefits, 1920 - 1940 = 334
• 7. Number, Capital, Surplus and Undivided Profits, Deposits, and Resources of Labor Banks in the United States, 1920 - 1941 = 347
• 8. Absolute and Relative Number of Disputes and of Workers Involved, by Periods : 1881 - 1905, 1916 - 1943 = 692
• 9. Causes and Results of Industrial Disputes (in Per Cent of Disputes Reported), by Years, 1881 - 1905, 1916 - 1943 = 700
• 10. Summary of Cases, United States Conciliation Service, 1916 - 1941 = 728
• 11. Statement of Cases Received and Disposed of under the Railway Labor Act, by Fiscal Years, tor the Eight Years Ended June 30,1934 = 740
• 12. Proceedings Under Canadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act by Industries, from March 22, 1907, to March 31, 1940 = 787
• 13. Estimated Number of Strikes Occurring in Public Utility Industries in Violation of the Canadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, by Industry, March 22, 1907, to March 31, 1935 = 788
• 14. Wages Boards Authorized and Awards and Agreements in Force in Australia, 1913 and 1939 = 818
• 15. Representation Plans and Coverage, 1919 - 1932 = 835
• 16. Growth of Company-union Coverage and of Trade-union Membership, 1919 - 1932 = 837
• 17. Estimated Coverage of Company Unions and Trade Unions, 1932 and 1935 = 841
• 18. Distribution of Workers by Industry and Type of Industrial Relations, April, 1935 = 842
• 19. Distribution of Employees on Class I Railroads, by Craft and Type of Industrial Relations, April, 1935 = 843
• 20. Representation Elections Held by Federal Labor Boards, August, 1933-September, 1935 = 847
• 21. Elections under the National Labor Relations Board, October, 1935-July, 1941 = 853
• 22. Frequency of Company-union General Membership Meetings = 860
• 23. Matters Reported Discussed by Company Unions with Management, 1933 - 1935 = 874