This thesis examines shift in Sino-Japanese relations from conflict to cooperation during the second Shinzo Abe administration, focusing on Prime Minister Abe's strategy toward China and Japan's policy governance. Abe is widely known to have pursued a...
This thesis examines shift in Sino-Japanese relations from conflict to cooperation during the second Shinzo Abe administration, focusing on Prime Minister Abe's strategy toward China and Japan's policy governance. Abe is widely known to have pursued a hardline policy toward China based on his historical revisionist policy orientation and his goal of building a “strong Japan.” However, the fact that Abe was the driving force behind the shift toward cooperation in Sino-Japanese relations is often overlooked. This thesis analyzes Japan's strategy toward China during the transition period, as well as the domestic factors that led to the policy shift.
Since the end of the Cold War, Sino-Japanese relations have undergone drastic changes. China's explosive economic growth and military expansion heightened Japan’s insecurity. Within Japanese political circles, the decline of pro-China politicians coincided with the rise of a hardline stance toward China. Japan’s arrest of a Chinese fishing boat captain in 2010, China's ban on rare earth exports to Japan, and Japan's nationalization of the Senkaku Islands in 2012 further escalated tensions between the two countries. Amid these heightened tensions, Abe returned to power and implemented a comprehensive strategy to counter China across multiple domains, including diplomacy, security, historical narrative, and education, rather than attempting to deescalate the tension.
The second Abe administration sought to restore relations by cooperating with China's Belt and Road Initiative in 2017. While growing uncertainty stemming from President Donald Trump’s foreign policy, Japan pursued greater strategic autonomy from the United States while pragmatically engaging with China’s Belt and Road Initiative to secure economic benefits. Despite persistent military and security tensions between China and Japan, high-level communication between the two countries became intensified, centered on economic cooperation. In 2018, Abe and Premier Li Keqiang agreed to elevate bilateral relations to a “new stage.”
The second Abe administration effectively utilized the political legacy of the previous administration to boldly and swiftly shift its policy toward China. Building on the strengthened authority of the prime minister and the cabinet throughout the 1990s, Abe further consolidated his power by establishing the Cabinet Bureau of Personnel Affairs in 2014, granting him significant control over key bureaucratic appointments and reinforcing the leadership capacity of the Prime Minister’s Office (Kantei). Furthermore, the NSC and NSS institutionalized a framework in which the prime minister and cabinet could assert leadership in foreign and security policy. Within this governance architecture, the Kantei formulated the overarching strategic direction of China policy, while Abe and his close advisors assumed a dominant role in managing behind-the-scenes diplomatic negotiations.
The conservative realignment within Japanese politics constituted a key enabling factor that allowed the second Abe administration to recalibrate its policy toward China without substantial domestic opposition. Unity within the LDP strengthened, while alternative forces such as the Democratic Party lost power. The political landscape of the LDP also changed. The conservative liberal faction that had led the engagement strategy toward China until the mid-1990s receded, and the conservative right-wing faction represented by Abe emerged as the political mainstream. The Abe administration's policy toward China was not the result of compromise or coordination with the political establishment but rather the outcome of initiatives led by the prime minister and the Kantei.
Japan-China relations have fluctuated between periods of conflict and détente. While maintaining its security alliance with the United States as its foundation, Japan has pursued a flexible China strategy, cooperating with China in areas such as the economy. This thesis contends that analyses of Japan’s foreign policy must account not only for structural factors and actor-centered variables, strategic calculations of key decision-makers and the domestic political governance structures that underpin their choices.