The androgen?Vandrogen receptor (AR) system plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancers. Therefore, hormonal therapies, mainly with combinations of anti-androgens and androgen deprivation, have been the mainstay tr...
The androgen?Vandrogen receptor (AR) system plays an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancers. Therefore, hormonal therapies, mainly with combinations of anti-androgens and androgen deprivation, have been the mainstay treatment for prostate cancer. However, emergence of androgen resistance largely due to inefficient anti-hormone action limits their therapeutic usefulness. Here I report that nicotinamide derivatives act as novel anti-androgenic compounds. To screen novel compounds for anti-androgen, I initially performed flexible docking with FlexX on a chemical library containing 200,000 drug-like molecules extracted from commercial and in-house databases using X-ray structure of AR ligand binding domain with testosterone derivative, metribolone. Fifty-four novel synthetic compounds were selected through the hit selection process, which is based not only on potency and novelty, but also on all other parameters that subsequently influence the successful outcome of the lead optimization phase. Putative anti-androgenic compounds among them were then screened through cell-based screening for AR antagonist. The AR agonist and antagonist activities of fifty-four compounds were determined by the ability of each compound to regulate AR-mediated transcriptional activation in cultured COS-7 cells by transient transfection assays. Four compounds, Compound #1 (DIMN), #7, #8, and #17, were selected as putative anti-androgens, and their selective activity for AR was confirmed by their ability to inhibit AR-, GR-, or ER-mediated transactivation. Only one compound, DIMN, showed an inhibitory activity on the AR-mediated transcriptional activation in a dose-dependent manner. Then, I composed and tested 40 derivatives of nicotinamide, and selected 16 derivatives that had a strong inhibitory activity on the AR-mediated transcriptional activation. In particular, DIMN or D-7 strongly down-regulated the protein expression levels of AR target genes, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and NKX3.1 in LNCaP or C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, the compounds also decreased the protein level of AR. The action mechanism of nicotinamide derivatives as anti-androgens were analyzed by performing ligand competition assays, which revealed 50% inhibition of [3H] 5?\-dihydroxytestosterone (DHT) binding to the AR at approximately 1~2 ??M of DIMN and 10 ??M of D7, respectively. In addition, protein localization analyses using GFP-AR fusion protein showed that DIMN inhibited AR nuclear translocation to the similar extent of the AR antagonist BIC. However, DIMN and nicotinamide derivatives, D-7, and D-38, had little inhibitory effect on AR recruitment onto the PSA enhancer region containing AR binding sites. Interestingly, D-40 enhanced AR recruitment onto PSA enhancer region in some extent. I also tested the effects of DIMN and nicotinamide derivatives on the action of AR coactivators, SRC-1 and SRC-2 because the elevated expression of SRC-1 and SRC-2 has been reported to enhance AR activity in the development of more aggressive prostate cancer. The results revealed that DIMN and D-7 inhibited the SRC-1- and SRC-2-mediated enhancement of AR transactivation. In the case of D-38 and D-40, their effects on SRC-1 and SRC-2 action were unable to be addressed because of their complete blocking of DHT-activated AR transactivation. Unexpectedly, DIMN seemed to inhibit the steroidogenesis in Leydig cells, lowering the levels of progesterone and testosterone in culture media of rat R2C cells, in a similar extent to BIC, although the molecular mechanism for this effect are not known. Finally, consistent with their anti-androgenic activity, DIMN and nicotinamide derivatives inhibited the growth of LNCaP and C4-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, while the compounds showed no cytotoxic effect on MEF cells as normal cells. Taken all together, these results suggest that DIMN and nicotinamide derivatives could be a useful chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for prostate cancer.