Edible insect food has high protein content, is nutritionally valuable. Also, edible insects emit significantly less methane and carbon dioxide than livestock, which is beneficial to prevent global warming. Therefore, it is attracting attention as a s...
Edible insect food has high protein content, is nutritionally valuable. Also, edible insects emit significantly less methane and carbon dioxide than livestock, which is beneficial to prevent global warming. Therefore, it is attracting attention as a sustainable food these days. However, edible insects are still less acceptable as general foods to consumers and the studies on these subjects are very poor. When making sensory judgement, the evaluation environment lead to consumers' bias in product evaluation, which is dependent on the frame reference. In other words, when a consumer is stimulated by food, a frame formed from the outside is involved in recognition and judgment that occurs during tasting.
In this study, a high protein bar was manufactured as target product by adding mealworm powder, one of the edible insect materials and investigated the impact of explicit frame and implicit frame on the preference and sensory characteristics of edible insect foods by consumers compared to other four protein bars. The explicit frame was constructed by viewing a short video of the environmental and nutritional aspect of the edible insect and the function as a meal replacement snack for the protein bar before the taste evaluation. Along with these explicit frames, the serving order of the samples was used as an implicit frame. The effect of various frames on the preference, familiarity, and sensory characteristics of the target sample was studied. A total 275 protein bar consumers were randomly assigned to one of the five groups [group1: control group (only target product); group2: no-explicit frame, group3: environment frame, group4: nutrition frame, group5: meal replacement aspect]. The liking levels of protein bars were measured (9-point hedonic rating).
As a result of analyzing the preference, the target sample showed the lowest preference among the five samples, and no significant difference was seen between frames. But the target product was significantly higher when evaluated alone than when evaluated with other samples. Unlike the lack of effectiveness of explicit frames, the degree of preference and familiarity has changed significantly by the serving order constructed as implicit frames.
In the case of target products, when first evaluated, the preference was the highest. In addition, among the attributes showing the significant effect, the attributes related to taste (sweetness, chocolate flavor, nutty) and non-sensory attributes (light, satisfying) tended to have the highest frequency at 1st and lower toward the end. This hedonic decline can be induced by various perceptual effects. One of the perceptual effects that can be explained is the contrast effect. In the case of this study, the preference of the target sample was high when there was no prior experience in other samples. However, after eating other samples with high preference, the standard for delicious protein bar may be perceptually high for consumers, as a result, the sensory quality of the target sample did not meet expectations, which extended to lowering preference. But appearance and tactility attributes (appearance, color, soft, moist) showed high frequency in the 4th and 5th orders. Since all five samples had different appearances, it is thought that adaptation or sensory-specific satiety reduced the effect and did not affect the frequency of selection according to the evaluation order. The Nuts_Y sample, which showed the highest preference, did not show significant effect according to the evaluation order. Also, the attributes with significant effect did not show a common tendency. That is, the preference of the sample with low preference varies depending on the sample evaluated earlier, and the reason for liking reasons also changed. But samples with high preference showed stable preference no matter what order they were evaluated.
Through this study, it was confirmed that implicit frames rather than explicit frames affect the evaluation of food preferences and sensory properties. It is necessary to understand the impact of frames on food and conduct research on new products in consideration of the fact that frames may change the preference and sensory characteristics for products unfamiliar to consumers.