In recent years, cooperative operations between unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) have gained significant attention in various maritime applications such as ocean surveillance, underwater infrastructure inspectio...
In recent years, cooperative operations between unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) and unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) have gained significant attention in various maritime applications such as ocean surveillance, underwater infrastructure inspection, and autonomous exploration. These missions require a reliable and real-time communication infrastructure that can autonomously adapt to the highly dynamic and three-dimensional marine environment. Conventional underwater acoustic communication offers long-range capability but suffers from low data rates and high latency. On the other hand, underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) enables high-speed and low-latency transmission but is limited by short range and the need for precise optical beam alignment.
To address these limitations, this paper proposes AquaLink, a hybrid underwater wireless communication system that integrates optical and acoustic communication technologies. Based on this system, a cooperative UUV–USV communication architecture is designed and implemented, and its performance is evaluated through both tank and open-sea experiments. AquaLink consists of five core hardware modules: (1) optical modem, (2) acoustic modem, (3) underwater environmental sensing system, (4) optical beam tracking and alignment system, and (5) integrated control system. The optical modem incorporates a high-power LD array transmitter and a SiPM-based high-sensitivity receiver, while the acoustic modem utilizes a BPSK modulation scheme for robust long-range communication.
The system performs real-time optical beam alignment using relative position information derived from USBL and AHRS data, combined with received optical power measurements. Environmental sensing modules monitor turbidity, illumination, and depth to predict channel conditions and determine the feasibility of optical communication. An FSM-based adaptive communication control algorithm dynamically switches between optical and acoustic modes by evaluating real-time channel quality metrics such as SNR, PER, and received power. Moreover, an asymmetric communication protocol is implemented, allowing the UUV to uplink sensor and video data at high speeds, while the USV transmits control and command data with high reliability.
The performance of the AquaLink system is validated in two experimental settings. In a controlled tank environment, quantitative measurements were conducted to evaluate BER, optical alignment accuracy, and communication throughput under varying turbidity and range conditions. In open-sea field tests, cooperative communication scenarios involving both stationary and mobile UUV–USV configurations were performed to assess link stability, mode switching delay, and directional robustness. The proposed system demonstrated superior performance over single-mode systems, achieving a 92% packet success rate, 1.6-second average mode switching latency, and over 93% alignment stability, even during mobile operations.
This study successfully implements a practical underwater hybrid communication architecture capable of adapting to diverse and challenging marine conditions. The proposed AquaLink platform is expected to serve as a foundational technology for future applications in autonomous maritime collaboration, persistent underwater exploration, naval surveillance, and ocean resource monitoring.