The quality of the frozen foods is related to the size of the ice crystals during the freezing process. Factors affecting the formation of ice crystals were supercooling degree and phase transition time. In particular, supercooling degree is proportio...
The quality of the frozen foods is related to the size of the ice crystals during the freezing process. Factors affecting the formation of ice crystals were supercooling degree and phase transition time. In particular, supercooling degree is proportional to the number of ice crystal and phase transition time is proportional to the size of ice crystal. Supercooling phenomenon is difficult to control because of its metastable nature. In this reason, control the freezing temperature as rapid freezing that was lowered to reduce phase transition time. Although generation of latent heat induced by formation ice nucleus can lead to a reduction in overall freezing time, there are no technology that can artificially control the temperature of the ice nucleus except pressure-shift freezing treatment. When the increasing pressure until 200 MPa, the freezing point of water decrease until -20˚C. This is because the physical characteristics of water are correlated to pressure. Thus, it is possible to control the temperature of ice nucleus by controlling pressure. Pressure-shift freezing (PSF) and induced artificial supercooling under ambient pressure by controlling freezing rate to investigate frozen pork that was applied artificial supercooling.
The pork was supercooled until freezing point under varying PSF conditions (0-200 MPa). Thereafter, rapid freezing was induced by depression. Each samples was thawed at in 4℃ refrigerator for 24 h. Quality characteristics of samples were observed pH, shear force, water holding capacity, histological observation and total plate count. Due to protein denaturation, water holding capacity was decreased and pH was increased. Also shear force was also increased as increasing pressure. Thawing loss of 50 MPa (∆T<5℃) pressure treated sample was higher compared to the samples that treated over 100 MPa (∆T=10℃). Results of histological observation, there are damage of structure under 50 MPa pressure treated sample. Although over 150 MPa treated samples were observed little damage of structure, there are severe discoloration due to protein denaturation induced by pressure. In 100 MPa pressure treated sample was the optimal PSF condition for pork. In this study, PSF processing applied using lab-scale, however, there are several technical limits over pilot-scale to apply PSF.
As an alternative instant freezing, second study performed supercooling treatment on pork under the ambient pressure. Supercooling phenomenon observed in the pure water is rarely observed in food. As lowering the temperature of food gradually, it is possible to controlling artificial supercooling as inhibit formation of ice nucleus. In this study, thus, the artificial supercooling was induced by separating step as first cooling step (formation ice nucleation), and second cooling step (post freezing) for frozen pork. In the first cooling step, the cooling rate was maintained at 0.03˚C/min to induce supercooling and ice nucleation, in the second cooling step, post freezing was performed in freezer(-18˚C). For comparing the effect of supercooling on the pork meat, pork of same region was subjected to slow freezing at -18˚C (SAF) and rapid freezing as immersing the sample at -30˚C ethanol (EIF). The time-temperature profiles, instrumental color, water holding capacity, shear force and histological observance were compared among samples. As a result, supercooling- induced frozen pork (SSF) was shown similar properties to EIF in histological observation as through a zone of maximum ice crystal formation comparing to SAF. SSF processed pork was shown minimal damage of tissue and lower thawing and shear force than SAF (p<0.05). The results indicated that artificial supercooling technology induced by controlling temperature through the two stage cooling step would be applied to the production of high quality frozen meat product as substitute of rapid freezing.
Consequently, PSF and SSF had potential application to produce high quality of frozen meat products. It also could be applied other food stuffs such as vegetable or fish. Artificial supercooling was expected that produce of better quality of frozen food, which warranted further exploration.