Does election timing matter in terms of electoral consequences? The purpose of this thesis is to show the electorate making dissimilar vote decisions in the elections which take place at different times during presidency. Voters are Janus-faced. At th...
Does election timing matter in terms of electoral consequences? The purpose of this thesis is to show the electorate making dissimilar vote decisions in the elections which take place at different times during presidency. Voters are Janus-faced. At the polling place, they consider the past as well as the future. Previous studies have conceptualized this Janus-faced voting behavior into retrospective voting and prospective voting: voters look to the past for retrospective evaluations and look forward to the future for prospective inference. But, what makes one side of the face prevail?
It has been widely discussed whether, and how, voters use their retrospective and prospective assessments in voting. However, they have remained comparatively silent on when retrospective, or prospective, evaluations show prevailing effects on vote choice. To fill this void, this thesis examines whether, and how, election timing functions as a structural factor that produces retrospective, or prospective, vote decisions. The objectives of this study are three: First, this thesis aims to explain how retrospective voting and prospective voting are linked in electoral reality. Second, it investigates whether, and how, different election timing caused by the inconsistency of term limits influence retrospective and prospective voting. Third, it shows, election timing leads voter to make decisions in dissimilar ways when combined with party identification. Consequently, it aims to contribute to the expansion of literature, by studying the mechanism of charging and choosing which is framed by election timing.
In order to achieve these goals, this thesis analyzes the effect of election timing on retrospective and prospective voting by comparing the 2008 and 2012 South Korea’s National Assembly elections. As a result, some interesting findings are produced. In particular, it is found that voters save retrospective voting in an early-term election. In 2008 election, they largely depend on party identification instead of punishing or rewarding the president. Ostensibly, they keep their patience with the newly-formed government to show its real ability, no matter how dissatisfied they are. By contrast, voters’ decisions in a late-term election are driven by both retrospective and prospective assessments. As a presidential election approaches, voters in a late-term election consider both past and future. Lastly, when exerting on vote choice, the influence of election timing often combines with partisanship. Depending party identification, voters have their distinct ways of making vote decisions in early-term, and late-term, elections.