This study aims to reveal teachers' understanding and practices related to the authority for the theme development in the 2022 revised integrated curriculum, which was first introduced to elementary school grade 1 and 2 in 2024. The purpose of this st...
This study aims to reveal teachers' understanding and practices related to the authority for the theme development in the 2022 revised integrated curriculum, which was first introduced to elementary school grade 1 and 2 in 2024. The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of teachers' practices in relation to the new curriculum. Qualitative research was conducted with six elementary school teachers. The research questions that guide this study are as follows:
First, How do teachers understand the authority for theme development given in the 2022 revised integrated curriculum?
Second, How do teachers implement the authority for theme development in practice?
Third, What issues emerge from teachers' understanding and implementation of the authority for theme development, and what are the implications of these issues?
The findings of the study can be summarized as follows:
First, the results showed that the participants understood the authority for theme development of the 2022 revised integrated curriculum in various ways. Specifically, they interpreted it as “Developing student-centered themes”, “Expanding teacher autonomy”, “Emphasizing students as active agents” and “Reconstructing the textbook” Interestingly, while the teachers appeared to share a common understanding of the authority for theme development, the ways in which they interpreted its meaning varied considerably.
Second, this study revealed that the participants practiced the authority for theme development in diverse ways. Teachers made judgments and evaluations based on their specific situations and environments. Specifically, their practices manifested in a spectrum ranging from “Creating student-centered lessons”, “Enhancing lesson quality” and “Prioritizing educational effectiveness.”
Based on these findings, the third result discusses the issues revealed in teachers' understanding and implementation of the authority for theme development and their implications. First, the curriculum autonomy was understood as a dual concept: it provides freedom while simultaneously demanding accountability. In the context of South Korea, where the state's influence remains strong, teachers felt that the autonomy granted by the curriculum was not sufficient to ensure genuine freedom in practice. Therefore, it was discussed that in order to position teachers as the main agents of the curriculum, it is essential to create consensus with the field regarding the intentions and objectives of the authority for theme development. Additionally, the need for exploring environments where true autonomy can be practiced in schools was emphasized. Finally, the study highlighted the necessity of expanding discussions on student agency to ensure that students, as well as teachers, can become key agents of the curriculum.
Second, the study found that teachers' understanding did not always match their practices. Even teachers who had a positive perception and understanding of the authority for theme development did not always implement it as intended in the classroom. This indicates that teachers do not merely enact educational policies based on their understanding; rather, they actively engage with and adapt their practices through an interaction with contextual factors.
Third, the study identified that teachers' practices were influenced by both personal and contextual factors. Personal factors included teachers' educational beliefs and values regarding educational policies. Contextual factors, such as class size, parental demands, student levels, the culture of co-teaching and the teacher's position in the school also played significant roles.
This study has several implications and limitations. First, it sheds light on teachers' understanding and practices of the authority for theme development at the initial stage of the 2022 revised integrated curriculum's implementation. It goes beyond the conventional perspective of evaluating how well teachers carry out the curriculum by focusing on the processes that explain why such practices emerged. However, since this study explores teachers' practices only one year after the curriculum's introduction, further research is needed to investigate how teachers' practices evolve as they become used to the 2022 revised curriculum.