황해상에서 대기오염물질의 공간적 분포와 장거리이동 = Distribution and Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants over the Yellow Sea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was carried out to understand long-range transport of air pollutants using aircraft measurements with ground-based measurements for the identification of their spatial and vertical distribution. Additionally, aerosol chemical composition and characteristics of sulfur compounds were studied through the episodic analyses.
Thirty eight missions of aircraft measurements have been done with ground-based intensive measurements from October 1997 to November 2001.
Concentrations of SO_(2), O_(3), and particle number were 1.7ppb, 47.4ppb, and 52 ea/㎤ in the boundary layer. SO_(2) was found to be relatively higher than marine background level, 0.08-0.2ppb, indicating the western coast being influenced by long-range transport except for the summer season. While O_(3) concentration did not show any significant vertical gradient, particle number concentration showed relatively steeper vertical gradient. Particle number concentration in the lower mixed layer was highest in winter but that in the upper layer highest in spring, indicating the influence of Yellow Sand.
The vertical distribution of SO_(2) was classified into 3 groups using aircraft measurements and vertical sounding of meteorology; the first is linear decay pattern, the second is exponential decay pattern, and the last is gaussian distribution pattern in the boundary layer, 2 patterns of linear decay and gaussian distribution patterns in the upper layer.
The effect of trajectories on the long-range transport phenomenon was studied through the backward trajectory analysis. The six classification was identified showing the trajectory of air stream from Sanghai and Southern China which could increase the air pollution over the Korea. The trajectory passing over Shandong and Balhae showed the highest frequency of 40%. Especially the air mass from Beijing was found to be rich in O_(3) and SO_(2).
SO_(2) flux over the yellow sea was integrated using their vertical distribution and wind profile. The estimated flux was increased up to 1.2 ton/km/hr in november 8, 1998. These results are strongly dependent on wind direction and other meteorological conditions.
Aerosols measured at Taean and Gosan were assumed to be aged in the form of (NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4), but H_(2)SO_(4) in the transport episode of polluted aerosol. SO_(4)^(2-)/SO_(2) molar ratio was found to increase in the case of air flow from China to Korea. O_(3) was thought to facilitate in oxidizing SO_(2).
The three episodes of 38 aircraft measurements were intensively analysed. Low pressure system over the northwest Manjuria and high pressure system over Southeast China and East Sea indicated possible strong westerly or southwesterly, about 10m/s. The mixing ratio of water vapor was 5-8 g/kg except for the yellow sand episode. SO_(2) concentration of December 18, 1997 and November 8, 1998 was 5-8 ppb, and O_(3) concentration was 10-25 ppb lower than others. This implied O_(3) contribution to SO_(2) oxidation on the aerosol surface. SO_(2) and particle number showed high concentration in the upper atmosphere by the different contributions for each level. The transport mechanism was identified complex over the Yellow Sea and sulfate formed during the transport could increase the background concentration in the west coast.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = ⅰ
• 표목차 = ⅲ
• 그림목차 = ⅶ
• ABSTRACT = xi
• Ⅰ. 연구 배경 및 목적 = 1
• 1.1 연구 배경 = 1
• 1.2 연구 목적 = 3
• 1.3 연구 내용 및 방법 = 4
• Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 = 6
• 2.1 황화합물의 수지 = 6
• 2.2 SO₂의 산화와 변환 = 9
• 2.3 입자(particle)의 물리·화학적 특징 = 21
• 2.4 장거리이동 연구사례 = 28
• Ⅲ. 실험방법 = 34
• 3.1 기상측정 = 34
• 3.2 항공측정 개요 및 방법 = 35
• 3.3 항공측정경로 = 40
• 3.4 지상측정 및 분석 = 41
• Ⅳ. 황해상 대기오염물질의 공간적 분포 특징 고찰 = 45
• 4.1 황해상의 기상 특징에 관한 고찰 = 45
• 4.2 대기경계층(혼합층) 상·하층의 오염물질 분포특징 = 49
• 4.3 입자개수의 연직 분포특성 고찰 = 57
• 4.4 O₃의 연직 분포특성 고찰 = 61
• 4.5 SO₂의 연직 분포특성 및 연직분포형태 고찰 = 62
• 4.6 기류의 이동경로에 의한 오염물질의 분포특성 = 83
• Ⅴ. SO₂의 이동량 산정 및 고찰 = 91
• 5.1 이동량(유입·유출량)의 산정 = 91
• 5.2 SO₂유입량의 계절 및 기류에 따른 변동 = 103
• 5.3 기상변수에 의한 유입량의 변동 = 106
• Ⅵ. 장거리 이동 입자의 화학적 조성과 황화합물의 변환과정 = 110
• 6.1 배경지역 입자의 화학적 조성 = 110
• 6.2 배경지역 미세먼지 농도와 장거리 이동 입자의 조성 = 118
• 6.3 장거리 이동에 따른 SO₂와 황산염의 거동 = 120
• Ⅶ. 고농도 오염물질 장거리 이동사례 연구 = 124
• 7.1 기상조건에 따른 고동도 장거리 이동사례 = 124
• 7.2 고농도 대기오염물질의 장거리 이동현상 및 영향에 관한 고찰 = 128
• 7.3 장거리 이동 입자의 화학적 조성 및 특징 = 135
• Ⅷ. 결론 = 139
• 참고문헌 = 144
• 부록 = 163