Recently, sensitive optical bio-imaging techniques have been developed for pre-diagnostics of disease, therapeutic application, and monitoring of disease progression in living animal using fluorescence dye, quantum dot, single walled carbon nanotube a...
Recently, sensitive optical bio-imaging techniques have been developed for pre-diagnostics of disease, therapeutic application, and monitoring of disease progression in living animal using fluorescence dye, quantum dot, single walled carbon nanotube and noble metal nanoparticle (NP). Especially, by utilizing Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) effect noble metal NP can provide high sensitivity and high multiplexing capability, which are requested for in vivo multiplex bio-imaging. The SERS signal has significant advantages for multiplexed detection: A narrow spectral band of less than 1 nm, photo-stability with non-bleaching feature, and flexible selectivity of photo-excitation source. Owing to these advantages, SERS active nanoprobes can be used for multiplexed imaging of numerous bio-targets on tissues or organs. Several groups have reported that specific advantages of fluorescence, quantum dots, and Raman spectroscopy can be combined, in order to get additional functionality in in vivo multiplex bio-imaging.
In this study, we designed the real-time fluorescence-Raman (dual modal) endomicroscopic imaging system (FREIS) for multiplexed diagnosis with fluorescence-SERS active nanoprobes (F-SERS dots) based on fiber-optic light collection and two-dimensional laser scanning system. FREIS can simultaneously detect the fluorescence and SERS signal taking advantages of intense signal of fluorescence and multiplex capacity of Raman scattering. For this purpose, FREIS was designed to consist of three components: i) Dual-axis laser scanning unit, ii) a separation unit of fluorescence and Raman signals, iii) light detection unit with a photodiode for fluorescence signal and a spectrometer equipped with a CCD detector for SERS signal. The synthesized fluorescence-SERS active dots (F-SERS dots) were composed of silver NP assembles on silica backbone, and silica shell doped with rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC) and silver NPs were labeled with three kinds of Raman compounds for multiplexing: Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and 4-aminothiophenol (4-ABT). Fluorescence and SERS signal are successfully separated each other by two optical filters. The fluorescence is utilized for imaging the targeted positions by F-SERS dots, and SERS signal is utilized to distinguish the kinds of three different F-SERS dots. Combining with F-SERS dots, FREIS can provide real-time fluorescence images (12 images/s). Since this imaging system is based on the optical fiber bundle, it has significant advantage like fiber optics-based endomicroscopy. However, optical fiber bundle gives a strong intrinsic Raman scattering background by optical fiber itself, which increases optical noises and reduces the spectral window for Raman spectroscopy. To circumvent this problem, a spectral window with less background noises was selected and fluorescence dye and Raman reporter molecules were chosen to fit in the selected spectral window. As a proof-of-concept experiment, various concentration of the F-SERS dots were measured on the slide glass and the phantom tissues using FREIS. These results exhibit that the developed imaging method comprised of the optical system and F-SERS probes can be applied to real-time in vivo multiplex bio-imaging.