Spatial ability decreases with aging. This causes the elderly to have difficulty in
carrying out navigation tasks. Successful navigation can be achieved by multiple
error-free stages of cognitive and perceptual processes that handle spatial
informatio...
Spatial ability decreases with aging. This causes the elderly to have difficulty in
carrying out navigation tasks. Successful navigation can be achieved by multiple
error-free stages of cognitive and perceptual processes that handle spatial
information. Out of many perceptual processes, the elderly are known to exhibit
apparent defects in path integration. Path integration combines multiple sensory
information generated by self-generated movements to calculate distance and
direction. Among three sensory inputs used for path integration, this study focused
on visual path integration (VPI), which is a path integration based on visual
sensory information(optical flow). This study compared the directional estimation
of VPI between young and old groups. In addition, we intended to identify
differences between age groups and clarify systematic bias in older people in
estimating the direction of the VPI.
In experiment 1, we used a virtual environment to compare the errors seen by
young and old groups in estimating the direction of the VPI. In experiment 2, we
tried to explain what kind of systematic bias is shown in the direction estimation
based on the category adjustment model in the aged group. Participant performed
tasks after watching first-person video of a certain angle of rotation within the
given environment. In experiment 1, participants performed the task of estimating
and answering the angle of rotation(direction) based on the amount of perceived
optical flow in experiment videos. In experiment 2, participants performed a
detection task to answer with O or X whether the rotation angle(direction) they
estimated after viewing the video was equal to or different from the center axis
angle(direction) of the spatial category.
Results showed that the older group had more errors in estimating rotation
angles than the younger group. Both groups showed a higher number of estimated
errors as the rotation angle of the video increases (Experiment 1). Interestingly, in
certain spatial categories (categories with 45 degrees centered), the older group
performed tasks as well as younger group did when the rotation angle of the
video was significantly different from the center axis angle of the spatial category,
but in the cases the difference between rotation angle of the video and center axis
angle was small, they showed less detection task capability than younger group.
This study demonstrated older people generally have less capability to identify
the directional estimation of VPI than younger people. Furthermore when the
rotational motion becomes closer to the center axis of the space category, the
older group tends to be biased toward the center axis without distinguishing the
difference between the two.