예수의 데레사 영적 가르침을 통한 ‘하느님과 一致’ : (데레사 작품을 중심으로) = The union with God according to the spiritual teachings of St. Teresa of Avila : (Focused on her works)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

모든 그리스도인이 따라야 하는 하느님의 뜻은 하느님을 사랑하고 동시에 이웃을 자신의 몸과 같이 사랑하는 것이다. 하지만 ‘사랑’이란 개념은 구체성을 갖고 있지 않아 모호하게 여겨지기 일쑤다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 16세기 가톨릭 영성사에 있어 사랑을 통해 하느님께 보다 쉽게 다가갈 수 있도록 가르침을 준 예수의 데레사 성녀의 작품들을 통해 ‘하느님과 일치’란 무엇이며, 일치를 이루기 위한 우리의 자세는 어떠해야 하는지 살펴보고자 한다.

‘예수의 데레사 가르침’ 안에서 하느님과 일치를 이루고자 하는 영혼이 하느님께 나아감은 크게 두 가지 측면에서 접근해 볼 수 있다. 하나는 완덕을 추구하며 일상의 삶을 살아가는 ‘수덕적 방법’이 있겠고, 또 다른 하나는 보다 구체적으로 ‘묵상기도(마음기도)’, 더 나아가 ‘관상기도’를 통한 일치의 방법이 있다. 본 논문에서는 ‘기도’와 ‘완덕’의 삶으로 하느님과 일치하고자 하는 이들에게 예수의 데레사 자신의 체험을 기술한 작품들을 통해 ‘하느님과 일치’에 이르는 길을 제시하고자 한다.

먼저 본 논문의 연구 동기와 목적을 서술하는 Ⅰ편에서는 기도에 어려움을 겪는 이들과 기도의 성장이 신비적 차원으로만 완성된다고 여기는 이들에게 일상 삶에서 수덕적 차원의 노력을 구체적으로 실천할 필요성이 있음을 언급하였다.
그다음 Ⅱ편에서는 ‘하느님과 일치’에 대한 그리스도교 전통적인 개념을 구약과 신약 안에서 살펴보고 일치의 근거인 삼위일체와 믿음 · 희망 · 사랑인 향주덕(向主德)을 통한 일치를 살펴보았다.

Ⅲ편에서는 성녀의 작품을 본격적으로 다루었는데, 먼저 A에서는 예수의 데레사 인물 소개와 그의 대표적 작품들을 소개하고 B에서는 그리스도인이라면 누구나 완덕에로 불렸듯이 예수의 데레사 작품들 안에서 ‘완덕의 의미’와 ‘완덕을 향한 양상들’을 이탈, 가난, 극기, 겸손, 사랑에 순으로 살펴봄으로써 하느님과 일치로 향하는 방법을 수덕적 차원에서 살펴보았다. 이어 C장에서는 기도에 대해 누구보다도 잘 설명하고 있는 예수의 데레사 성녀의 ‘기도 가르침’을 통해 영적 여정 중에 있는 영혼의 상태와 기도, 그리고 진보를 위한 가르침들을 각 궁방별로 정리 하였다. 기도를 통한 하느님과 일치 부분은 ‘묵상기도(Oracion mental)’에서 ‘주부적 관상기도’로 넘어가는 과정으로 일곱 궁방을 살펴보았다. D장에서는 ‘수덕적 완덕’과 기도를 통한 ‘영적 결혼’이 사랑 안에서 사랑으로 열매 맺음임을 확인하며 ‘하느님과 일치’하는 영혼과 ‘일치’에로 이르고자 하는 영혼들의 결실이 ‘이웃 사랑’으로 드러나야 함을 보았다.

본론의 마지막인 Ⅳ편에서는 이제껏 교회 전통적 가르침과 예수의 데레사 작품들 안에서 드러난 일치에 대한 중요한 가르침을 네 가지 주제로 정리하였다. 먼저 하느님과 일치로 나아가는 영혼의 자아인식의 필요성과 어려움 중에서도 굳건히 기도를 해 나아갈 것과 기도와 함께 덕을 닦는 노력이 함께 병행되어야 함을 살펴보았다. 그리고 진정한 일치는 이렇게 기도와 덕의 상호 조화 속에서 하느님의 뜻을 좇는 것임을 알아보았다.

결론적으로 하느님과 일치는 ‘완덕을 통한 방법’과 ‘기도를 통한 방법’이 서로 병행되어야 한다. 이는 죽기까지 하느님의 뜻을 따르셨던 예수 그리스도의 모범을 따라 하느님의 크신 사랑에 우리의 응답이며 협력이다. 이 사랑은 ‘하느님 사랑’에만 머무는 것이 아니라 ‘이웃 사랑’으로 반드시 드러나야 하며 하느님의 은총과 함께 우리의 부단한 노력이 필요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 하느님의 뜻을 행하려는 사랑의 출발점은 우리 자신에서 시작되는 것이 아니라 바로 하느님께로부터 오는 것임을 명심하고, 우리는 하느님과 일치 할 수 있도록 최선의 노력을 다해야 할 뿐임을 잊지 않아야 한다. 그 다음은 모두 주님의 뜻에 달려 있다고 성녀는 가르친다. 결국 예수의 데레사 성녀가 말하는 ‘하느님과 일치’는 우리가 오직 하느님의 뜻을 좇는데 마음을 두고 그분의 뜻이 ‘사랑’임을 알고 실천하는 것이라 하겠다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

God's will that all christians should obey is to love Him and to love neighbor as we love ourself. But the concept of 'love' is not concrete so that it is often recognized in vague. This thesis examined, according to through the works of St. Teresa that have taught us to come to God more easily through love in catholic spiritual history of the sixteenth century what the union with God is and what attitude we assume to attain it.

In teaching of St. Teresa, the ways that the soul who wants to be union with God comes to Him have been proposed in two aspects The one is the ascetic way living in ordinary with seeking perfection. The other is the way of union through mental prayer concretely, furthermore contemplation. This thesis proposed the way to attain union with God according to works of St. Teresa explained her experience for one that want to attain it through 'prayer' and 'perfection'.
PartⅠ explained the motive and the purpose of this study. Here examined, for the sake of them who have difficulties in prayer and who regards that the growth of prayer can be completed in only mystic aspect, that they need to make ascetic efforts in ordinary life.
And Part Ⅱ examined the traditional concept of christianity of union with God in the Old and the New testament. It also examined the union through the Trinity being a foundation of union and the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity.

Part Ⅲ seriously dealed with the works of St. Teresa. At first, chapter A introduced St. Teresa and her masterpieces. All Christians are called to seek perfection so that chapter B studied, in St. Teresa's works the meaning of perfection and the aspects of perfection of detachment, poverty, mortification, humility and charity in order, and Chapter B it examined the way of union with God in ascetic aspect. And according to the teaching of St. Teresa who explains prayer better than anyone, Chapter C covered the state of soul in spiritual jouney, prayer and the teachings for advancement in each stage. For union with God through prayer, it examined seven dwelling places as progressing stages from mental prayer(oracion mental) to infused contemplation. Chapter D examined that the spiritual marriage which is made through ascetic perfection and prayer is confirmed bearing fruit 'in love','to love', and that the soul who wants to attain union with God must bear fruit in love for neighbor.

Chapter Ⅳ(the last chapter of main subject) adjusted to four subjects the traditional teaching of church and the important teaching of union revealed in the works of St. Teresa. At first, it examined that the soul going toward union with God needs self-knowledge and such soul ought to pray with great determination and efforts which seek to gain virtue must be joined with prayer. So, it can know that true union is to obey God's will in harmony with prayer and virtue.

In conclusion, for the sake of union with God the way of perfection must be joined the way of prayer each other. According to the example of Jesus who had obeyed God's will until death, it is our response and cooperation for God's great love. It means that this love need not reveal only the love for God but also the love for neighbor, and it means we need to make our efforts with grace of God, And we should keep in it mind that the start line of love to obey God's will isn't from us but from God, and do our best to attain union with God. St. Teresa have taught 'after that' all things totally depend on Lord's will. After all, union with God that St. Teresa have said is that we obey God's will and know that His will is to love, to practice it.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 國文抄錄 ················································································ 1
• Ⅰ. 들어가는 말 ······································································ 4
• 1. 연구 동기와 목적 ····························································· 4
• 2. 연구 범위와 방법 ····························································· 5
• Ⅱ. ‘하느님과 일치’에 대한 그리스도교 전통 개념 ························ 8
• 1. ‘일치’에 대한 성경적 개념 ················································· 8
• 1.1. 구약(舊約) ··································································· 9
• 1.2. 신약(新約) ································································· 11
• 2. ‘하느님과 일치’로 나아가게 하는 근거: 삼위일체(三位一體)···· 14
• 2.1. 삼위일체를 통한 일치 ················································· 14
• 2.1.1. 성부와 성자 ························································· 14
• 2.1.2. 성자와 그리스도인들 ············································· 15
• 2.1.3. 성령과 그리스도인들 ············································· 16
• 3. ‘하느님과 일치’로 나아가게 하는 향주덕(向主德) ·················· 18
• 3.1. 신덕(信德)을 통한 일치 ··············································· 19
• 3.2. 망덕(望德)을 통한 일치 ··············································· 20
• 3.3. 애덕(愛德)을 통한 일치 ··············································· 21
• Ⅲ. 예수의 데레사 영적 가르침을 통한 ‘하느님과 일치’ ··············· 23
• A. 예수의 데레사와 그의 작품들 소개 ···································· 23
• 1. 예수의 데레사 성녀 인물 소개 ········································· 23
• 2. 예수의 데레사 작품들 ····················································· 27
• 2.1.「천주 자비의 글」······················································· 27
• 2.2.「완덕의 길」······························································· 28
• 2.3.「영혼의 성」······························································· 29
• B. 완덕을 통한 ‘하느님과 일치’ ············································· 30
• 1. 완덕의 일반적 고찰 ························································ 31
• 2. 예수의 데레사가 말하는 ‘완덕’과
• 영적 딸들에게 요구하는 것들 ······································ 32
• 2.1. 그리스도는 모든 완덕의 규범 ····································· 32
• 2.2. 예수의 데레사가 자매들에게 요구하는 것들 ··················· 34
• 3. 완덕을 향한 양상들 ························································ 37
• 3.1. 이탈 ········································································· 37
• 3.2. 가난 ········································································· 39
• 3.2.1. 예수의 데레사 외적 가난 ········································ 39
• 3.2.2. 예수의 데레사 내적 가난 ········································ 40
• 3.3. 극기 ········································································· 41
• 3.4. 겸손 ········································································· 43
• 3.4.1. 첫째단계 ······························································· 44
• 3.4.2. 둘째단계 ······························································· 45
• 3.5. 사랑 ········································································· 46
• 3.5.1. 순수 영신적 사랑 ··················································· 46
• 3.5.2. 영적인 동시에 감성적인 사랑 ·································· 48
• C. ‘기도’를 통한 하느