The purpose of this study is to analyze the productivity level of various manufacturing industries and the effect of productivity level on exports. For this purpose, manufacturing industries in Korea, China, Japan, US, UK, Germany, and France are divi...
The purpose of this study is to analyze the productivity level of various manufacturing industries and the effect of productivity level on exports. For this purpose, manufacturing industries in Korea, China, Japan, US, UK, Germany, and France are divided into 11 industries to examine the suitability of the production function used in the estimation of the technical efficiency and to estimate the technical change(TC), technical efficiency change(TEC), and scale effect(SE). The effects of these estimated TFP decomposition factors on exports and the relationship between productivity level and export are analyzed by country and industry.
First, in order to testify that the translog production function assumed in this study is a form suitable for actual data, two tests were conducted : the normal distribution convergence test for maximum likelihood estimator(MLE) of t(time variable) and the information matrix test. The test results confirm that the translog function is the form appropriate for this analysis.
The estimation of technical efficiency for each of the seven countries reveals that Japan's technical efficiency is the highest in most industries, followed by Korea, three European countries(UK, Germany, France), US and China (in descending order). In particular, the technical efficiency of the chemical, non-ferrous and electronics industries in Korea is close to 1. This shows that the improvement of technical efficiency has contributed to Korea's chemical or electronics industry gaining competitiveness in the global market. In addition, the technical efficiency of the seven countries tend to increase as time goes by, with Japan showing the highest level of technical efficiency over time. However, the rate of increase in technical efficiency is the highest in Korea. This shows that, in addition to the development of technology itself, the efficient application of technology has also played a role in the improvement of the productivity level in Korea.
The technical efficiency of Korea and Japan is very high in chemical and electronics industries, Korea's major export industries. In particular, the technical efficiency of China has been steadily increasing in the electronics industry. This shows that, in addition to the development of technology itself, the improvement of technical efficiency has also contributed to the rapid growth of China's electronics industry. In the case of the transport equipment industry represented by the automobile industry, the technical efficiency of Korea has been increasing rapidly since 2000, but it is still behind those of European countries.
Next, the estimation of the TFP decomposition factor by country reveals that most of TFP is occupied by TC and SE, and TC is varied in a manner similar to TFP, while SE is not. In particular, SE was fluctuating in a cycle of one to two years except for the global financial crisis in 2008. The periodic scale effect by inventory management in the industry seems to be the cause of such cycle. On the other hand, TEC showed almost zero values in all countries, indicating that the proportion of TEC in TFP was very low. TEC appears to be low because it can be improved over the long term through efficiency enhancement and policy support.
Finally, the analysis of the impact TFP decomposition factors have on export growth shows that technical change and scale effect have a significant impact on export growth rate in all countries, while the technical efficiency change has little effect. The analysis of the manufacturing industries in Korea shows significant increases of the export growth rate in the chemical and electronics industries as technical change and scale effect increases. Since the 1997 foreign exchange crisis, Korea's manufacturing industries have changed their strategy of exporting low-priced products to exporting high-quality and high-priced products, thereby improving product quality and enlarging global market share. The expansion of investment in electronics, semiconductors and automobile industries due to these technical progresses has a positive effect on the increase of exports because of economies of scale. The analysis of the effect of TFP decomposition factors on the export growth rate in the oil, chemical, electronics and transport equipment industries shows that it was necessary to introduce new technologies through technology development and to invest in production facilities for scale effect in order to increase exports in all four industries.
In order to achieve the two goals of productivity improvement and export increase, it is clear that Korea's manufacturing industries need investment in R&D for technical progress and in production facilities to enjoy the scale effect. In particular, because the scale effect is more volatile than technical change, it is necessary to thoroughly manage inventory and investment. Furthermore, though technical efficiency improvement has little impact on productivity improvement and export growth, it is necessary to continuously improve efficiency in a long-term perspective.