무주방언 종결어미의 언어지리학적 연구 = (The) linguistic geography on the closing endings of muju dialect

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This thesis is examined, concentrating on the closing endings of Muju dialect, in the synchronic point of view, the realization types and variations, and the running directions and aspects of dialectal divergence of the innovative waves. Situated in the north-eastern part of Cheollabuk-do, Muju-gun is characteristic of contact dialect inter-affected by the dialects of Cheolla-do, Chungcheong-do and Kyeongsang-do; that is to say, it is the area where many dialects exist, centering on the dialect of Cheollabuk-do due to the mixed phenomenon with other dialects. For this reason, a variety of the dialectal variations are found in Muju-gun. The distribution of those variations is shown in the thirty-one pieces of linguistic atlases. These atlases are drawn up summarized into 49 ri(里) respectively out of which surveyed at the 148 towns and focused on the relatively distinctive dialects. By interpreting these atlases, the relation between individual closing endings' allomorphes and the area distributions is understood and, the running direction of the linguistic innovation is ascertained in this area. In addition, the aspects of dialectal divergence which is synthesized by isoglosses from distribution of dialectal types are featured to divide Muju-gun into 'East- West' three parts. This type of dialectal divergence is closely related to the historical, geographical, cultural and social conditions(linguistic attitude). Summing up, therefore, of described in each chapter comes to the conclusion of this study as follows.
5.1 Since Muju-gun, historically centered on Naje Tongmun, was divided into Shilla and Baekje, apparently classified languages are used in the linguistics. In other words, Muju-gun is the area of isoglosses which two languages co-exist. Muju dialect inter-affects neighboring areas, by consisting of boundaries with other guns geographically outside and by historically confronting East/West in Cheolla-do dialect and Kyeongsang-do dialect and by expanding it's own power inside. Within Muju-gun, therefore, two dialects co-exist or are in mixed use. Because of this geographical condition, language in Muju is characteristic of contact dialect. Surrounded by neighboring boundaries of East, West, South and North, innovative waves feature to spread into Muju-gun from all directions, which often not the case in central language. Within Muju-gun, it is seen that western and eastern dialect confront and expand its power to each other. So innovative waves run mainly West-to-East, and East-to-West. Besides, although they run South-to-North/ North-to-South sometimes as well, they are extremely minor.
5.2 In drawing up the linguistic atlases, closing endings are examined under the declarative, interrogative, imperative, solicitous and circulative endings divided. The types of closing endings focusing on the basic ones are as follows. The basic types of declarative endings are -guman, -deman, -ji,; of interrogative -(u)gga, -ggo, -(u)riulranya, -(u)raguji, -(u)ranungga, -(u)riulrangga, -(u)ggemi, -gandi, -damsun, -danya, -(u)ragunya, -jang ; imperative -nira; solicitous -derago; circulative -ge2(crude language), -(u)riulggyu, -dade, -(u)riultiyo, -(u)ragwo, -dangge, -jangge, -yu1, -yu2, -da. Besides, seen as the application of closing endings, interrogative types has dora, juyo, and 'yi' which is characteristic of pragmatic ending to closing endings.
5.3 The main direction of isoglosses dividing Muju-gun is South-to-North. It cuts Muju-gun in two of eastern and western part, and Cheolla-do dialect in the eastern part and Kyeongsang-do dialect in the western part are used. In bitter tug-of-war of these two, both dialects co-exist or are in mixed use. Therefore, two isoglosses running South-to-North trisected extensively Muju-gun into eastern, western part and transfer zone. Seen largely, two isoglosses from West and East respectively run South-to-North. Western isoglosses passed through the between boundary Muju-up, Jucksang-myon, Anseong-myon and Seolcheon-myon. Eastern isoglosses, by and large, coincide with boundary of Mupung-myon. Resulted from thirty-one isoglosses centering on the closing endings, western isoglosses are a little thicker than the eastern ones. Thin isoglosses on the eastern boundary of Seolcheon-myon are caused by which several areas neighboring Mupung were historically belonged to Kyeongsang-do, and which geographical condition is bounded with mountains inside. People in Mupung had attitude to differentiate them from people under Gucheon -dong Valley as "Under Water people".This represents that isoglosses boundary is related to the linguistic attitude. Western and eastern part have a different living circle(schooling, shopping and marriage). In the western, living circle goes mainly to around Daejeon and creates the same language circle as Chungcheongnam-do, while in the eastern(Mupung) it goes mainly to around Geochang in Kyeongnarn and Kimcheon in Kyeongbuk. As a result, it is ascertained that two large isoglosses (East/West Division) running South-to-North through Muju-gun are closely connected with the historical and geographical background as well as with the social and cultural one.
5.4 Twenty-nine isoglosses could be drawn up in thirty-one linguistic atlases. The aspects of isoglosses in Muju-gun was shown to devide in two, in three and in four as well. It also showed mainly to divide Muju-gun into East/West. In the atlases, it is eight to divide Muju-gun in two, eighteen in three and three in four. Among these, trisection of isoglosses running East-to- West is the main aspect of dialectal divergence in this area. This again could be divided into 'Y' type and '∬' one, according to the isoglosses dividing Muju-gun.
In interpreting thnguistic atlases, since language confined to Muju-gun and neighboring boundaries, study on the relation with far larger areas is limited. It could be settled by drawing up the nation-level atlases. For the study for linguistic variations, only when it is examined with synchronic and diachronic approach together, the true aspects of them are seen. As this thesis was investigated synchronically only, so diachronic approach must be followed. Although the linguistic attitude is the important factor of the aspects of dialectal divergence, the lack of more objective data leaves much to be desired. The linguistic geography in the view of traditional approach, in the future, will be achieved with the social linguistic approach.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구 목적과 방법 = 1
• 2. 연구사 개관 = 5
• 3. 논의의 구성 = 11
• Ⅱ. 무주 방언의 형성 배경과 자료 조사 = 13
• 1. 무주 방언의 형성 배경 = 13
• 2. 자료 조사 = 34
• Ⅲ. 종결어미의 언어지리 = 63
• 1. 평서어미 = 67
• 2. 의문어미 = 74
• 3. 명령어미 = 116
• 4. 청유어미 = 121
• 5. 통용어미 = 123
• Ⅳ. 개신파의 방향과 방언분화의 양상 = 154
• 1. 개신파의 방향 = 154
• 2. 방언분화의 양상 = 162
• Ⅴ. 결론 = 174
• 참고 문헌 = 180
• 영문초록 = 190
• 【부록】1. 방언 조사 설문지 = 193
• 【부록】2. 무주군 언어지도/등어선 = 219