Although women are very active in the modern society, Korean women's social activities are still restricted. Women try to find a breakthrough through education and more women are pursuing higher education. As college education is already popular in Ko...
Although women are very active in the modern society, Korean women's social activities are still restricted. Women try to find a breakthrough through education and more women are pursuing higher education. As college education is already popular in Korea, more women seek graduate programs for even higher education. Therefore, it is necessary to examine whether graduate school education actually contribute to women's higher socioeconomic status. Also, women who pursue graduate school education should consider marriage, pregnancy, childbirth, and child-rearing in their stage of life. Therefore, married women most clearly represent the conflict women experience in Korea's higher education as they are required to fulfill their responsibilities and duties as a traditional member of the family on one hand and attempt to pursue higher goals in their social activities through graduate school education on the other hand. This study was particularly necessary because it can verify how paternal ideologies influence women's academic achievements by examining married women's experience with graduate school education. Most preceded studies, however, could not examine the academic experience of women in graduate schools and how the traditional gender roles affect their academic learning.
This study established the following research topics: first, it intended to examine how married women's family life affects the meaning and purpose of their graduate school education. Second, it intended to examine the conflicts married women experience between graduate schools and family life; last, it intended to examine how married women respond to the conflicts.
For this purpose, literature studies were performed on women's status in Korea's higher education and married women's social activities. Women's status in Korea's higher education was verified through statistics and preceded studies and the paternal ideologies that affect the meaning and formation of gender roles to understand the traditional gender roles that still exist in the society. By doing so, the causes of conflicts that married women in Korea experience in family life were identified. Specifically, the meaning of increased social life of married women was explored to examine the forms of conflicts they experience in this process. The purpose was to presume the conflicts married women could experience in graduate school education. Additionally, related preceded studies were examined on married women's graduate school education and academic learning.
This study adopted qualitative methods. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, note-taking, observation, and casual conversations. Questionnaires were created for the in-depth interviews in reference to preceded studies. Questionnaires were revised through preliminary interviews before the actual interviews. Final questionnaires were reviewed by three doctorate students majoring in Education. Interviewees were subscribed through voluntary participation using the bulletin board on campus, and recommendations; ten interviewees were finally selected through purposeful sampling and convenient sampling. Interviews took place from July 2012 through October 2012 and the contents were transcribed to produce the research data along with the notes taken during each interview. Data analysis was performed repetitively throughout the study to derive the following findings:
First, the meaning and purpose of graduate school education were threefold: desire to learn, better career position, and shelter from family life. Each participant had more than one purpose. They found pleasure in learning and continued getting that pleasure through graduate studies. Also, they chose to take a graduate program when their current level of education does not guarantee the socioeconomic status they want. They also chose graduate studies because they needed something in superior to men in order to compete with men. Some participants had to choose graduate studies because of depression in marriage or after childbirth. Their economic circumstances had a significant impact on married women's graduate school education. The premise of their graduate studies was the guarantee of sufficient source of funding for tuition and living expenses. Married graduate students with no income were relatively more intimidated in family life and more dominated by the paternal ideologies than married women who were working.
Second, the conflicts married women experienced between graduate school and family life were caused by women's gender roles and the influence of paternal ideologies. The participants were worried about having to discontinue learning due to pregnancy, childbirth, or child-rearing and found it difficult to concentrate on learning. Also, they devoted less time to learning because of household chores. Some participants were receiving support from their families, while others were facing opposition and indifference of their families. Although most people would think that they would face the opposition of the in-laws, there were some participants who earned the support of the in-laws, but faced the opposition of their parents. Their colleagues and professors understood the difficult positions of married women in graduate school and showed consideration, but not many of them gave active help. The conflicts married women experience between graduate school and family life were considered as personal issues. Married women's conflicts and difficulties in graduate studies were considered as daily episodes, failing to understand that it is affected by the paternal ideologies that still demand women to fulfill certain responsibilities in family life. This conceals the essence of issue as it is believed that their conflicts are caused by their failure to fulfill responsibilities.
Third, participants took initiatives to find the solution to most of their conflicts. They believed that they have to endure the difficulties in graduate studies because it was their personal choice to pursue graduate studies. The conflicts were resolved with the help of families or relatives in many cases, but rarely with the help of others. When it comes to child-rearing, they could not seek outside help due to the discrepancies in quality. As most solutions require financial cost, except for handling the conflicts by themselves, they had to have the financial resources to pay the cost. Married women's solutions to focus on graduate studies were self-sacrifice or finding help my paying the price. Therefore, their immersion in higher education was difficult as their children grew and demanded more from them as mothers. As most participants believed that they were the best person to raise their children and admitted their responsibilities to look after their families, there was no active solution to improve their position.
This study examined married women's meaning of graduate studies and conflicts and found that gender roles from paternal ideologies cause women to be excluded from higher education in the Korean society. Married women's graduate school education is clearly influenced by their family life, especially their responsibilities and duties assigned by the gender roles from paternal ideologies. Despite that married women are experiencing conflicts between graduate school and family life due to paternal ideologies, they perceive these conflicts as personal issues and are not actively searching for solutions. In other words, married women in graduate school tended to adjust to the domination of paternal ideologies despite their higher education and modern sociocultural background. Married women lacked understanding of the essential cause as well as active solutions and structural support from the school or social systems. The significance of this study was that it identified that married women's conflicts between graduate studies and family life are caused because there is no guarantee of their socioeconomic status. It implies that if married women have to resolve conflicts and continue academic learning with personal efforts only, the socioeconomic status they can achieve through graduate school education would be threatened by their family life.