Modern Civilization is on the path of self-destruction by rejecting the rationality of nature and insisting on a lifestyle that ignores the essence of human dignity. The advancement of modern civilization triggered by the scientific revolution in the ...
Modern Civilization is on the path of self-destruction by rejecting the rationality of nature and insisting on a lifestyle that ignores the essence of human dignity. The advancement of modern civilization triggered by the scientific revolution in the 17th century brought unprecedented material abundance and prosperity. However, overproduction aimed at maximizing industrial efficiency brought excessive consumerism leading to ecological crisis of Anthropocene as well as the loss of agency which acts as a basis for human creativity. Pre-industrial craft served as an ecologically sustainable means of making daily necessities, allowing our activities to be aligned with the appropriate speed and scale of nature. As traditional society based on craft culture took place in small regions, it provided sustainable and diversified way of coexisting with nature while maintaining close contact. Recent attention to traditional handicraft as an alternative form of object production is due to its characteristics that allow the human hand to have direct contact with natural materials, creating things that can be used for a long period of time. However, there is no in-depth research on identifying the true essence of handicraft to suggest and formulate a new craft theory based on ecology and the value of the hand. Therefore, this thesis investigated the background of excessive consumption culture during modernization and then proposed a concept of ecological craft, providing guidelines and methodologies, that aims to cure ecological sustainability and restore creative actions of every individual via hand from an alternative perspective. The culture of making daily necessities from natural materials of the neighboring area for long term use has been a major form of lifestyle in traditional society. Before industrial goods flooded, most people had to make their own living needs which provided profound wisdom for objects that were handcrafted with natural materials: deep understanding of nature, handicraft techniques, maintenance skills, despite the existence of professional craftsman. The handicraft culture of traditional society had a firm grasp on virtues of moderation and humanistic scale that were in accordance with the rhythm of nature. Thus, handcrafted objects from the past served as a way of providing an ecological and holistic world view, uniting humanity and nature. In sum, pre-industrial public handicraft presented the very foundation for ecological and humanely sustainable civilization in all aspects related to objects, including material, purpose, plan, form, design, production, technology, use, repair, and sharing. On the other hand, as the public took the role of consumers relying on mass-produced commodities, the culture of making things by oneself while maintaining the object for a prolonged period has become extinct. The cause of this phenomenon is best known to be the instrumental view of nature and the materialistic anthropocentricism triggered by the 17th century European Scientific Revolution. Modern civilization, which developed during the 18th century Industrial Revolution following the Scientific Revolution, aimed to achieve maximum economic gain from incessant material consumption and is continuing to greatly abuse the earth and its natural resources, causing a severe climate crisis and loss of biodiversity. It is evident that a vicious cycle of mass production, consumption, and disposal is threatening the survival of numerous living organisms including humanity, up to this day. The modern industrialization process has worked to discard the sustainable means of principles that derived from nature and the value of handmaking. Industrialization and modernism that took place in Korea during 1960-70s dismantled the original characteristics of handicraft that had been functioning as a major production method for the general public. It resulted in the formation of current craft terrain focusing on two main areas: Restoration Craft and Artistic Craft. This abolished the totalitarian character of craft, and at the same time deprived the opportunity for independent creativity from the public. Now the essence of handicraft is called upon as a starting point for restoring ecological possibilities regarding the upcoming alternative civilization. It is time for Korean craft to broaden its domain from the existing Restoration Craft and Artistic Craft focused on restoration and visual expression of a few selected artists, and to fully acknowledge the fact that the solution to an alternative civilization lies within its tradition of handicraft. Ecological perspective puts emphasis on all beings existing as one organic complex having interdependent relationships. This is pursued by respecting each and every individual’s natural characteristics and persisting a perfect ecological circulation of all materials and energy required by all members of the complex aiming for mutual harmony, long-term balance, and diversity. The ecological approach takes a position contrary to the false illusion that modernity defines as individual happiness based on convenience without moderation and excessive materialism. The ecological handicraft proposed in this study reflects on the negative impact of human activities on the entire web of life and aims to transform our civilization in accordance with the rhythm of nature by restoring the essence of handicraft. A transition towards ecological alternatives should be considered inevitable as long as the modern civilization defines us as consumers continuously generating harmful waste and destroying nature from the materialistic point of view based on anthropocentric reductionism. In a response to heal ecology and restore the essence of the tradition of craft demanded by the times, Slow Craft proposed in this paper presents a new craft theory along with a practical methodology in which all members of society can participate. This is an attempt to restore the crucial bond between nature and humankind, to experience nature as a whole, and to properly activate the inner creativity derived from human hands back to everyday life. Handicraft that induce us to contact nature must be incorporated into our daily lives, for everyone, as a humane form of art. It has already been proven that touching various natural materials to create objects that suit the individual imagination and needs is an essential human activity that can promote salubrious physical and mental development. Process-oriented Slow Craft, centered on experiencing all phases of the traditional handicraft encompassing holistic wisdom, may also contribute to the formation of community through developing an intimate social atmosphere that awakens ecological importance while encouraging cooperation. The 14 characteristics of Slow Craft, the core result of this study, are based on the fundamental values of craft derived from the ecological principles explored in this thesis. These 14 traits embody the ecological value of self-making craft process distributed within the five stages of a holistic craft life cycle(material preparation, planning and design, creation and production, use and maintenance, conversion and circulation). The 14 characteristics are ①resilience for healing, ②locality for nature experience, ③purpose oriented essentiality, ④continuity for long term use, ⑤connectivity for long term use, ⑥technology combining convergence, ⑦naturalness with minimal processing, ⑧value of hand and humanity, ⑨process-oriented diversity, ⑩solidarity for community, ⑪specificity for attachment, ⑫share-ability, ⑬deconstruct-ability for transformation, ⑭biodegradability for natural circulation. These 14 traits provide a set of guidelines for Slow Craft process, allowing individuals to directly create the daily needs at their own will. The Slow Craft conveys the principles and character of nature, fused with human skills and abilities to establish a true process of creation itself. Two case studies conducted at the end of this thesis(①handbag that tells seasonal change in humidity, ②various materials block system for barefoot) present high level of properties that comply with the 14 characteristics of the Slow Craft, offering practical guidelines and methodology for implementation. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the ecological self-made handicraft proposed in this study may serve to become a cornerstone of an alternative lifestyle that can restore the essence of the traditional handicraft and improve sustainable resilience for the earth community. In addition, Slow Craft is expected to resolve the dual structure problem of the domestic craft by increasing public interest and participation, conclusively transforming craft as a daily form of art for the public. This thesis proposed a new craft theory that combined the essence of traditional handicraft with ecological principles that are required by modern civilization. This research is significant in the sense of revealing the direction of alternative civilization through in-depth considerations covering the humanities, biology and physics that are related to craft. By defining the concept of the new handicraft and its methodologies based on ecological theories and restoration of human dignity, the current requirement for an alternative lifestyle to achieve restoration of the earth’s resilience and sustainability may be fulfilled. Slow Craft proposed in this study verified its feasibility and effectiveness with actual case study examples that appropriately convey its intended characteristics. This study may serve as a foundation for the upcoming handicraft culture based on ecological reasoning which started to gather world’s interest during the mid 19th century. In conclusion, Slow Craft is a form of an alternative handicraft theory aimed to overcome the ecological crisis and the disappearance of human creativity via hand, providing a means to reach a truly humane society. This is an attempt to identify and restore ecologically sustainable craft culture as an everyday art for all individuals. Abusing nature in pursuit of immoderate conveniences and unlimited economic growth is, after all, a denial of ourselves leading to self destruction. Ecological transformation must be established not as a mere request but as an inevitable struggle for human survival. It is hoped that this study will establish a foothold for a holistic craft theory that puts a great emphasis on the fact that humanity can exist in full only as a delicate and meticulously bound part of a complex system.