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      印度 狀況 神學의 批判的 硏究 : 救援論 中心으로 = (A) Critical Study of Indian Contextual Theology with Special Reference to Soteriology

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11035400

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

      This Thesis is written as an effort to criticize the Indian Contextual Theology and develop effective methods to evangelize the Hindus in Indian area according to evangelical central truth.
      For this purpose I first studied the evangelical theology in ACTS Theological Synopsis as criterion of truth. In this investigation, we can infer the main concepts just like "reality of sin and universality of perdition", "seriousness of salvation", recovering of "justification by faith alone", "justification by faith as the basis of works righteousness", "a living faith" as central truth through the research of Calvin's and Wesleyan theology.
      Secondly, I researched the theory of Hinduism focused on soteriology(ways of salvation) and evaluated and criticized the reincarnation, yoga, caste system and pantheistic and syncretic salvation as preunderstanding of Indian Contextual Theology.
      Thirdly, I investigated the historical background and formation of Indian Christian Contextual Theology. I proposed the basis, meaning, direction, logics and trait of Indian Theology. In this chapter I proved that Indian Theology has been interwinded with Hinduism.
      Fourthly, I studied soteriology of Indian Contextual Theology based on four main theologians that are Brahmabandhab Upadhyaya - "jnana marga", A. J. Appasamy - "bhakti marga", P. Chenchia - "Theology of New Creation", M. M. Thomas - "karma marga" and classified their theologies into 8 subjects as soteriological subjects(authorities, man and sin, God, Christology, pneumatology, grace and sacrament, eternal life and conversion) and criticized their theology according to evangelical central truth.
      Fifthly, I evaluated their syncretic disposition and divided their syncretism into four parts just as inclusivism centered cosmic Christ, fulfillment, plural parallelism and hinduistic syncretism.
      Lastly, I proposed missiological points of contacts for the Indian Mission through comparative study of Bible and Sanskritan Books(Vedas and Upanishads). For this Study I researched comparing the theories in the 7 parts which are God, World, Human, Sin, Sanctification, Savior, Power Encounter.
      One fact has emerged from the survey of Indian Theology that is the existence of two main 'strands' of thought, the advaita strand represented especially by Upadhyaya, and the personalist or theistic strand seen Appasamy, with the two strands tending to have mutually exclusive 'clusters' of ideas. Thus Upadhyaya's outlook inclines toward monism in which the transcendent unity of God is not impaired. He rejects the idea of avatara, which comes from the theistic strand, favours mysticism of the 'monistic Trinitarian' pattern rather than simple bhakti, and finds the distinction between God and the world in a version of maya rather than in a firm doctrine of creation. Appasamy on the other hand thinks of God primarily in personal terms, encourages Christian bhakti, welcomes the avatara idea as applied to Christ, and see the world as real.
      Indian Theology is being driven to an interwinding of two strands, a synthesis of jnana marga and bhakti marga, and indeed in their different ways Upadhyaya and Appasamy both seem to admit this possibility. Signs of this mingling can be seen in the interpretation of Saccidananda-Brahman as Trinity, leading to a development of the Logos-Cit idea; in the dialectical treatment of the nirguna-saguna polarity; in maintaining the equality of Brahman and Isvara while at the same time identifying Isvara with Christ.
      I proposed the Indian Christian Theology has to need two chief concerns. The first is to remain faithful to his experience and knowledge of Jesus Christ. Secondly, we must be concerned to interpret and proclaim our understanding and experience in such a way that other men may come to the same knowledge. In order to do this we must proclaim Christ and the significance of Christ in such a way that our contemporaries and compatriots may fully understand the message, and this involves us in the problems of effective communication and persuasive proclamation.
      I propose we need to make the biblical message so relevant to the Hindu's preunderstanding that he hears what the God has to say to him through the word. The some of the special emphases needed in India are Religious Authority(sruti, yukti, anubhava), Hindu-Advaita system(monistic), World and Reality(stemming from maya), Community Consciousness(stemming from Caste), Power Evangelism.
      I, however, assert that there are three aspects involved in any valid contextual theology. (1) Contextual Theology is the Contextualization of the biblical revelation - human fallenness and God as trustworthy. (2) Contextual Theology Depends on the Power and Presence of the Holy Spirit. (3) The Ultimate Goal of Evangelical Theology is Worship and the Glorification of God.
      Lastly, in the context of the Hindu notion kharma and the total lack of assurance of salvation, I believe the recovery of "justification by faith" and "central truth" is one of the greatest needs in the formulation of an Indian Christian Theology.
      번역하기

      This Thesis is written as an effort to criticize the Indian Contextual Theology and develop effective methods to evangelize the Hindus in Indian area according to evangelical central truth. For this purpose I first studied the evangelical theology i...

      This Thesis is written as an effort to criticize the Indian Contextual Theology and develop effective methods to evangelize the Hindus in Indian area according to evangelical central truth.
      For this purpose I first studied the evangelical theology in ACTS Theological Synopsis as criterion of truth. In this investigation, we can infer the main concepts just like "reality of sin and universality of perdition", "seriousness of salvation", recovering of "justification by faith alone", "justification by faith as the basis of works righteousness", "a living faith" as central truth through the research of Calvin's and Wesleyan theology.
      Secondly, I researched the theory of Hinduism focused on soteriology(ways of salvation) and evaluated and criticized the reincarnation, yoga, caste system and pantheistic and syncretic salvation as preunderstanding of Indian Contextual Theology.
      Thirdly, I investigated the historical background and formation of Indian Christian Contextual Theology. I proposed the basis, meaning, direction, logics and trait of Indian Theology. In this chapter I proved that Indian Theology has been interwinded with Hinduism.
      Fourthly, I studied soteriology of Indian Contextual Theology based on four main theologians that are Brahmabandhab Upadhyaya - "jnana marga", A. J. Appasamy - "bhakti marga", P. Chenchia - "Theology of New Creation", M. M. Thomas - "karma marga" and classified their theologies into 8 subjects as soteriological subjects(authorities, man and sin, God, Christology, pneumatology, grace and sacrament, eternal life and conversion) and criticized their theology according to evangelical central truth.
      Fifthly, I evaluated their syncretic disposition and divided their syncretism into four parts just as inclusivism centered cosmic Christ, fulfillment, plural parallelism and hinduistic syncretism.
      Lastly, I proposed missiological points of contacts for the Indian Mission through comparative study of Bible and Sanskritan Books(Vedas and Upanishads). For this Study I researched comparing the theories in the 7 parts which are God, World, Human, Sin, Sanctification, Savior, Power Encounter.
      One fact has emerged from the survey of Indian Theology that is the existence of two main 'strands' of thought, the advaita strand represented especially by Upadhyaya, and the personalist or theistic strand seen Appasamy, with the two strands tending to have mutually exclusive 'clusters' of ideas. Thus Upadhyaya's outlook inclines toward monism in which the transcendent unity of God is not impaired. He rejects the idea of avatara, which comes from the theistic strand, favours mysticism of the 'monistic Trinitarian' pattern rather than simple bhakti, and finds the distinction between God and the world in a version of maya rather than in a firm doctrine of creation. Appasamy on the other hand thinks of God primarily in personal terms, encourages Christian bhakti, welcomes the avatara idea as applied to Christ, and see the world as real.
      Indian Theology is being driven to an interwinding of two strands, a synthesis of jnana marga and bhakti marga, and indeed in their different ways Upadhyaya and Appasamy both seem to admit this possibility. Signs of this mingling can be seen in the interpretation of Saccidananda-Brahman as Trinity, leading to a development of the Logos-Cit idea; in the dialectical treatment of the nirguna-saguna polarity; in maintaining the equality of Brahman and Isvara while at the same time identifying Isvara with Christ.
      I proposed the Indian Christian Theology has to need two chief concerns. The first is to remain faithful to his experience and knowledge of Jesus Christ. Secondly, we must be concerned to interpret and proclaim our understanding and experience in such a way that other men may come to the same knowledge. In order to do this we must proclaim Christ and the significance of Christ in such a way that our contemporaries and compatriots may fully understand the message, and this involves us in the problems of effective communication and persuasive proclamation.
      I propose we need to make the biblical message so relevant to the Hindu's preunderstanding that he hears what the God has to say to him through the word. The some of the special emphases needed in India are Religious Authority(sruti, yukti, anubhava), Hindu-Advaita system(monistic), World and Reality(stemming from maya), Community Consciousness(stemming from Caste), Power Evangelism.
      I, however, assert that there are three aspects involved in any valid contextual theology. (1) Contextual Theology is the Contextualization of the biblical revelation - human fallenness and God as trustworthy. (2) Contextual Theology Depends on the Power and Presence of the Holy Spirit. (3) The Ultimate Goal of Evangelical Theology is Worship and the Glorification of God.
      Lastly, in the context of the Hindu notion kharma and the total lack of assurance of salvation, I believe the recovery of "justification by faith" and "central truth" is one of the greatest needs in the formulation of an Indian Christian Theology.

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      목차 (Table of Contents)

      • 목차 = i
      • I. 서론 = 1
      • A. 연구의 동기와 목적 = 1
      • B. 연구 방법과 범위 = 5
      • C. 논문의 구성 = 11
      • 목차 = i
      • I. 서론 = 1
      • A. 연구의 동기와 목적 = 1
      • B. 연구 방법과 범위 = 5
      • C. 논문의 구성 = 11
      • II. 힌두교 구원론 = 13
      • A. 힌두교 구원론의 개념이해 = 15
      • 1. 힌두교의 진리와 목적 = 15
      • 2. 구원의 주체 - 힌두교의 신론 = 19
      • 3. 구원의 대상 - 힌두교의 인간론 = 22
      • 4. 구원의 동기 - 힌두교의 죄론 = 25
      • B. 힌두교의 구원론 = 29
      • 1. 구원의 개념 = 29
      • 2. 힌두교의 구원의 수행 = 31
      • 3. 힌두교의 구원의 방법 = 33
      • a. 카르마 마르가(Karma marga, 행위의 길) = 33
      • b. 박티 마르가(bhakti marga, 헌신의 길) = 35
      • c. 지나나 마르가(jnana marga, 지혜의 길) = 38
      • d. 종합의 길 = 41
      • e. 은총의 개념 = 44
      • f. 수행(요가, Yoga)을 통한 구원 = 48
      • C. 힌두교 구원론에 대한 평가와 비판 = 50
      • 1. 윤회(환생, 전생)설 비판 = 50
      • 2. 요가 사상 비판 = 51
      • 3. 카스트 제도에 대한 비판 = 52
      • 4. 결론적 평가 = 53
      • III. 인도의 상황 신학의 형성 = 56
      • A. 상황 신학의 역사적 배경 = 57
      • 1. 고대 인도 교회 = 57
      • a. 고대 인도 교회의 종교적인 삶 = 57
      • b. 고대 인도 교회의 문화적이고 사회적인 삶 = 59
      • 2. 근대까지의 인도 교회 = 61
      • a. 18세기까지 인도 교회의 상황화 과정 = 61
      • b. 19-20세기 동안의 인도교회의 상황화 과정 = 65
      • 3. 현대 인도 교회의 상황화 논쟁 = 73
      • a. 기독교와 민족주의의 갈등 = 73
      • b. 서구적인 교회냐 인도적인 교회냐의 논쟁 = 77
      • c. 20세기 이후의 논쟁 = 81
      • 4. 힌두교와 기독교와의 관계설정을 위한 논의 = 86
      • a. 크래머의 견해 = 87
      • b. 비베카난다의 견해 = 91
      • c. 대화론자들의 견해 = 92
      • d. 인도의 카톨릭 신학적 입장 = 98
      • B. 상황 신학의 형성 = 104
      • 1. 인도의 상황 신학을 위한 기초 = 104
      • 2. 인도의 관점에서 본 상황 신학의 의미 = 110
      • 3. 인도신학의 상황화를 위한 방향설정 = 115
      • 4. 인도 신학의 논리(The Logic of Indian Theology) = 117
      • 5. 인도의 상황 신학의 특성 = 119
      • IV. 인도 상황 신학의 구원론 연구 = 123
      • A. 4대 상황화 신학자들의 구원론 연구 = 124
      • 1. 브라마반답(Brahmabandhab Upadhyaya) - “지혜의 길(jnana marga)”에 따른 구원론 = 124
      • a. 브라마반답의 상황 신학의 전제 = 125
      • b. 기독교와 힌두교 = 130
      • c. 하나님과 그리스도 = 133
      • d. 교회와 상황화 = 138
      • e. 평가 = 140
      • 2. “헌신의 길(Bhakti Marga)”에 따른 구원론 A. J. Appasamy(1891 - 1975)의 신학사상 = 141
      • a. 상황 신학의 전제 = 142
      • b. 해탈의 기독교적 이해 = 144
      • c. 기독론 = 146
      • d. 인격성과 죄와 카르마 = 150
      • e. 신앙의 권위의 원천들 = 156
      • f. 평가 = 159
      • 3. 첸치아(Pandipeddi Chenchiah, 1886-1959)의 "새 창조의 신학" = 161
      • a. 첸치아의 상황신학의 전제 = 161
      • b. 기독론 = 165
      • c. 새로운 창조 = 174
      • d. 교회론 = 177
      • e. 말씀론 = 179
      • f. 기독교와 힌두교(Christianity and Hinduism) = 182
      • g. 평가 = 187
      • 4. “행위의 길(karma marga)”에 따른 구원론 M. M. Thomas(1916-2000)의 신학사상 = 190
      • a. 토마스의 상황 신학의 배경 = 190
      • b. 행위의 길로서의 기독교(Christianity as karma marga) = 191
      • c. 세속화와 인간화(Secularisation and Humanisation) = 196
      • d. 숨겨진 그리스도가 계시됨 - 기독교 신앙의 예언자적 핵심 = 198
      • e. WCC 문서에 나타난 토마스의 신학사상 추이 = 200
      • f. 평가 = 202
      • B. 인도 상황 신학의 구원론 - 주제별 연구 = 204
      • 1. 구원의 기준 - 신앙의 권위(authorities, pramanas) = 206
      • a. 기독교회 내에서의 권위 = 206
      • b. 힌두 전승에 있어서의 신앙의 권위들 = 207
      • c. 인도의 기독교 신앙에 있어서의 권위들 = 207
      • 2. 구원의 동기 - 인간과 죄 = 210
      • 3. 구원의 주체 - 신론 = 216
      • a. 하나님에 대한 용어와 이해 = 216
      • b. 하나님과 세상(God and the World) = 221
      • 4. 구원의 성취 - 그리스도론 = 225
      • a. 그리스도의 이해 = 225
      • b. 그리스도의 사역(The Work of Christ) = 228
      • 5. 구원의 적용 - 성령론 = 232
      • 6. 구원의 도구 = 235
      • a. 믿음과 은혜 = 235
      • b. 교회의 성례들 = 238
      • 7. 구원의 연속 - 영생 = 243
      • 8. 개종 - 구원의 결과 = 246
      • a. 개종에 대한 힌두교도의 응답 = 246
      • b. 힌두사회에서의 개종에 대한 논쟁 = 247
      • c. 인도 상황신학자들의 개종에 대한 견해 = 250
      • 9. 평가 및 결론 = 253
      • VI. 복음주의 구원론 칼빈과 웨슬리의 기독교 중심 진리에 나타난 구원론 = 256
      • A. 복음주의 구원론에 입각한 "ACTS 신학공관(ACTS Theological Synopsis)" = 257
      • B. 칼빈의 「기독교 강요」에 나타난 구원론 = 261
      • 1. 구원의 심각성 - 회개를 강조함 = 263
      • 2. 구원에 있어서 행위의 중요성 = 265
      • 3. 구원 - 신앙의 목표(scopos fidei) = 274
      • 4. 칼빈의 구원론 요약 = 275
      • C. 웨슬리의 설교에 나타난 구원론 = 278
      • 1. 웨슬리의 진리 이해 - 산 신앙(living faith) = 278
      • 2. 웨슬리 구원관의 4가지 특징 = 284
      • D. 복음주의 신학의 구원론 = 292
      • VI. 인도 상황 신학의 구원론에 대한 비판 = 299
      • A. 힌두 구원관의 영향 = 299
      • B. 인도 기독교 혼합주의의 유형 = 302
      • 1. 그리스도 중심적 포괄주의 = 302
      • 2. 성취설 = 306
      • 3. 다원적 병행주의 = 308
      • 4. 힌두적 혼합주의 = 312
      • C. 인도 상황신학의 혼합주의적 구원론 비판 = 314
      • VII. 인도 복음화를 위한 상황화 - 선교적 접촉점 연구 = 319
      • A. 구원의 주체 - 신관 = 324
      • B. 구원의 영역 - 세상관 = 327
      • C. 구원의 대상 - 인간관 = 329
      • D. 구원의 동기 - 죄관 = 332
      • E. 구원의 증거 - 성화관(선행관) = 334
      • F. 구원의 성취 - 기독론과 수행론 = 337
      • G. 구원의 능력 - 능력전도 = 342
      • VIII. 결론 = 346
      • A. 인도의 상황 신학의 요약 = 346
      • B. 인도의 선교를 위한 상황화의 의미 = 349
      • C. 결론적 평가 = 352
      • ※ 참고문헌 = 354
      • 영문초록 = 376
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