Comprehensive Study on Mineralogical and Geochemical Applications in Geosciences and Archaeometry = 광물학 및 지구화학 특성을 통한 지구과학 및 고고과학 분야 적용성에 관한 포괄적 연구

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 유리 및 암석을 포함하는 지질물질을 대상으로 광물학적, 지구화학적 또는 암석학적 특성에 대한 포괄적인 분석과 해석을 수행하고, 그 자료가 지니는 지질학적 의미를 지구과학과 고고과학 분야에 적용함으로써 지질학 지식의 효용성과 확장성을 넓히는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위한 첫 번째 연구에서는, 화학조성의 차이에 따라 네 타입으로 분류되는 고대 유리 유물의 지리적 기원지를 확인하고, 타입별로 나타나는 독특한 지구화학적 특성이 기원지역의 기후와 지질 특성이 반영된 원료 물질의 사용에 기인한 결과라는 점을 규명하였다. 이는 향후 고대 동서 교역 네트워크 복원 연구에서 주요한 과학적 근거로 사용될 수 있다. 두 번째 연구에서는 응회암을 구성하는 광물상 조합과 화학조성 자료를 기반으로 응회암에 나타난 독특한 층상 조직이 형성된 과정을 화산 활동과 강우가 연계된 지질모델로 설명하였으며, 대상 응회암이 형성된 과정과 환경에 대한 시각화 된 통찰을 제공함으로써 향후 원료 암석을 확보하기 위한 전략 수립 과정에서 기원지 특정을 위한 지질학 및 지리학적 근거로 사용될 수 있다. 세 번째 연구는 휴대가 가능하고 현장 적용이 가능한 비파괴 분석법을 이용하여 암석의 광물학적, 지구화학적 특성을 정량적으로 파악함으로써, 조립질 화성암의 기원지를 노두 단위에서 명확하게 규명하였다. 특히, 정량 지구화학 자료를 기반으로 수십 km 범위에 걸쳐 존재하는 심성암체의 화학조성이 공간적으로 변화하는 경향성을 발견하고, 이에 근거하여 원료 암석 예상 분포지역의 범위를 제한시키는 방법론을 제시했다는 점에 의미가 있다. 마지막으로는 석탄 채굴 및 선별 과정에서 발생되는 폐기물인 석탄 맥석을 대상으로 광물학적, 이화학적 특성을 파악하고 마그네슘을 이용한 표면 개질을 통해 수용액 내 3가 비소 저감을 목적으로 하는 지질 물질의 환경 소재로의 적용성 연구를 수행하였으며, 지질학적 천연소재 물질을 환경 정화에 재활용한다는 관점에서 의의가 있다. 본 연구를 통해서, 연구 수행의 근간이 된 광물학과 지구화학에 기반한 지질학적 사고방식과 방법론이 가까운 지구과학 분야는 물론이고 환경학, 넓게는 고고학 분야에 필요로 하며, 특히 기존의 정형화된 사고체계를 변화시키거나 문제를 해결하는 새로운 관점을 제시할 수 있다는 가능성을 보였다. 앞으로, 보다 다양한 학문분야에서 지질학의 확장된 역할을 기대한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigates the mineralogical and geochemical properties of archaeological and geological materials, specifically ancient glass, stone artifacts, and coal gangue. It examines their applications in geosciences and archaeometry across four chapters. The first chapter establishes a comprehensive method for identifying the geographical origins of ancient glass by analyzing geochemical signatures and examining the impact of climatic variations on geological processes that impart unique markers on glass artifacts. The second chapter explores the mineralogy and geochemistry of stones used in arhat statuettes, offering an in-depth analysis of their provenance and the geological processes involved in their formation. The third chapter introduces a novel, non-destructive approach to trace the origins of coarse-grained igneous stone in Bodhisattva sculptures, showing how geochemical variations in plutonic rock suites can identify source materials. The final chapter investigates the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of modified coal gangue for arsenite sequestration, providing insights into the repurposing of waste materials for environmental remediation. Collectively, this thesis significantly enhances provenance strategies in archaeology, deepens our understanding of cultural artifacts through geochemical and mineralogical analyses, and offers new perspectives on using geological waste for environmental remediation.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... i
• 국문 초록 ........................................................................................................................ ii
• PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ v
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... vii
• TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... ix
• LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xiii
• LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. xv
• CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1
• References.................................................................................................................... 5
• CHAPTER 2. CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL INSIGHTS ON GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURES LEFT IN ANCIENT GLASS ............................................... 6
• Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 6
• 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 7
• 2.2 Materials and methods ........................................................................................... 8
• 2.2.1 Data collection and standardization .......................................................... 8
• 2.2.2 Samples and its preparations ..................................................................... 9
• 2.2.3 Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) ..................................................... 9
• 2.2.4 Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) .................................................................................................................. 10
• 2.2.5 Statistical analyses .................................................................................. 11
• 2.3 Results.................................................................................................................. 12
• 2.3.1 Multivariate analyses: Confirmation of internal consistency .................. 12
• 2.3.2 Distinct geochemistry in glass types yields unique spatiotemporal distribution ....................................................................................................... 13
• 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 14
• 2.4.1 Climate and geology shape glass compositions through raw material selection ........................................................................................................... 14
• 2.4.2 Carbonate legacy: Across the Mediterranean to the Middle East ........... 15
• 2.4.3 Mid-latitudinal high-pressure zone: Saline lakes with evaporites .......... 15
• 2.4.4 Tropical weathering processes: Upper crust-like compositions .............. 17
• 2.4.5 Phosphorus and manganese: From fluxes to orogenic belts ................... 18
• 2.4.6 Rare-earth element (REE): Core repository for cross-check .................. 19
• 2.5 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 20
• References.................................................................................................................. 22
• Table .......................................................................................................................... 29
• Figure ......................................................................................................................... 30
• Supplementary materials ........................................................................................... 34
• CHAPTER 3. MINERALOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GENESIS OF STONES OF ARHAT STATUETTES UNEARTHED IN NAJU, KOREA: GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ............................................ 43
• Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 43
• 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 44
• 3.2 Material and sampling ......................................................................................... 46
• 3.2.1 Arhat statuettes ........................................................................................ 46
• 3.2.2 Sample acquisition .................................................................................. 47
• 3.3 Analytical strategy and methods .......................................................................... 47
• 3.3.1 Sample preparations ................................................................................ 47
• 3.3.2 X-ray fluorescence analysis .................................................................... 48
• 3.3.3 X-ray diffraction analysis ........................................................................ 49
• 3.3.4 Quantitative phase analysis ..................................................................... 49
• 3.3.5 Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) ................................................... 50
• 3.3.6 Colorimetric analysis .............................................................................. 50
• 3.4 Results.................................................................................................................. 51
• 3.4.1 Macroscopic observations ....................................................................... 51
• 3.4.2 Optical microscopic observations ........................................................... 51
• 3.4.3 Chemical compositions ........................................................................... 52
• 3.4.4 Mineral assemblages ............................................................................... 54
• 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 55
• 3.5.1 Genesis of source rocks of arhat statuettes ............................................. 55
• 3.5.2 Origin of variations in relative abundance of minerals ........................... 57
• 3.5.3 Ash tuffs in South Korea ......................................................................... 58
• 3.6 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 59
• References.................................................................................................................. 61
• Table .......................................................................................................................... 66
• Figure ......................................................................................................................... 69
• Supplementary materials ........................................................................................... 79
• CHAPTER 4. TRACING THE ORIGINS OF COARSE-GRAINED IGNEOUS STONE: STRATEGIES FOR SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS THROUGH MULTIDIRECTIONAL GEOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN PLUTONIC SUITES USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE, PORTABLE, AND QUANTITATIVE METHODS .................................................................... 82
• Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 82
• 4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 83
• 4.2 Materials and methods ......................................................................................... 84
• 4.2.1 Backgrounds ........................................................................................... 84
• 4.2.2 Problem-solving strategies ...................................................................... 86
• 4.2.3 Analytical methods ................................................................................. 86
• 4.3 Results.................................................................................................................. 88
• 4.3.1 Macroscopic observations ....................................................................... 88
• 4.3.2 Magnetic susceptibility ........................................................................... 88
• 4.3.3 Whole-rock geochemistry ....................................................................... 89
• 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 90
• 4.4.1 Provenance of sculpture stone at the outcrop scale ................................. 90
• 4.4.2 Effectiveness of coordinating analytical techniques ............................... 90
• 4.4.3 Multidirectional geochemical changes within plutonic rock bodies ....... 91
• 4.5 Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 93
• References.................................................................................................................. 95
• Table .......................................................................................................................... 98
• Figure ......................................................................................................................... 99
• Supplementary materials ......................................................................................... 105
• CHAPTER 5. ARSENIC SEQUESTRATION BY GRANULAR COAL GANGUE FUNCTIONALIZED WITH MAGNESIUM: EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM AND INSIGHT OF ARSENIC SORPTION MECHANISMS .................. 111
• Abstract .................................................................................................................... 111
• 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 112
• 5.2 Materials and methods ....................................................................................... 114
• 5.2.1 Chemicals and materials ....................................................................... 114
• 5.2.2 Sampling and preparation of GCG ........................................................ 114
• 5.2.3 Fabrication of MSF-GCG ..................................................................... 115
• 5.2.4 Characterization of solid samples ......................................................... 115
• 5.2.5 Sorption experiments and liquid-phase analysis ................................... 117
• 5.3 Results and discussion ....................................................................................... 119
• 5.3.1 Mineralogy and geochemistry of GCG ................................................. 119
• 5.3.2 Physical and morphological properties of GCG series samples ........... 120
• 5.3.3 Batch sorption experiments ................................................................... 122
• 5.3.4 Sorption kinetics and isotherms ............................................................ 123
• 5.3.5 Arsenite sorption mechanism(s) ............................................................ 124
• 5.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................ 126
• References................................................................................................................ 128
• Table ........................................................................................................................ 134
• Figure ....................................................................................................................... 135
• Supplementary materials ......................................................................................... 141
• CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 151

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