Very high Q-factor resonances, sharp slopes, and high sensitivity have always been required for biological and chemical sensing. In order to satisfy these requirements, the use of optical cavity mechanisms is a rapidly advancing field that explores op...
Very high Q-factor resonances, sharp slopes, and high sensitivity have always been required for biological and chemical sensing. In order to satisfy these requirements, the use of optical cavity mechanisms is a rapidly advancing field that explores optical interactions in a variety of systems. The Microcavity such as microring and microdisk resonator is becoming one of the most attractive candidates because of its high sensitivity, ultracompact size, and its easy fabrication and realization in a sensor array. In this paper, the Microcavity device using asymmetric MZI coupled TRR for bio/chemical sensor is explored with the goal of understanding the optical resonance characteristics from theoretical and experimental perspectives. To achieve a high Q-factor and high-sensitivity, we proposed the novel scheme of the optical biosensors by asymmetric MZI coupled TRR and low-index waveguide. Then, it was be analyzed with respect to the components that make use of the structure.
Firstly, we proposed a high effective Q-factor triangular ring resonator (TRR) coupled with an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (AMZI), in which the long evanescent fields on a total internal reflection (TIR) mirror in the TRR and the field cancellation by the phase difference of each path in the AMZI are utilized. The TRR is employed in order to more effectively measure the quantities that occur during biological events because the evanescent field of the TIR mirror with its sharp incident angle is influenced by the Goos-Hänchen shift. In this paper, we report upon the AMZI-coupled TRR sensor structure with the high effective Q-factor of about 105 obtained through the optimization of the AMZI path-length. The sensitivity of the resonance shift when changing the refractive index of 1×10^-4 at the incidence angle of 22.92° has been identified to be as high as 0.48 × 10^4 nm/RIU. In addition, the power sensitivity of the AMZI-coupled TRR with 17 dB attenuation is 5.7 × 10^5 dB/RIU. When the resonator combined with AMZI, the double resonance peak is occurred at specific condition. So, we was fabricated the device using the microdisk resonator instead of triangular ring resonator to demonstrate the phenomenon that the double peak generated. In the results, we have observed a quality factor of 8.58×10^4, with an on-resonance extinction of 35.5 dB. These characteristics of the AMZI-coupled microdisk can be employed to measure biochemical events, such as the presence of a biomolecule or the amount of a biochemical pathogen.
And then, to identify resonance wavelength, planar microdisk has been systematically analyzed considering the effects of the sidewall angle, etching depth, and height. We have investigated the electric-field intensity distributions and characteristics of the whispering-gallery mode (WGM) from a planar microdisk using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. Especially, the superposition phenomenon of the TE and TM modes which is caused by the skew effect according to the sidewall angle has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the mode splitting caused by the change from a single mode to multi-mode due to the increase of height has been analyzed. Several planar microdisks of Si3N4 on SiO2 were fabricated, and their resonance characteristics were probed by using micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy. A quality factor of 5 × 10^3 for microdisks with a diameter of 3.5 μm and sidewall angle of 35° was observed in the visible range. The WGMs of fabricated microdisk was analyzed and defined considering the dependency on the structural parameters.
In addition, the polarization beam splitter based on multimode interferometer with metal-insulator-metal has been proposed for the polarization sensitive optical bio/chemical sensor devices. Owing to the MIM structure, the TE polarized state is reflected by the cut-off condition while the TM polarized state is transmitted by the surface plasmon polariton and the two polarized states can thus be separated. In this paper, the dependence of the reflected TE and transmitted TM field intensities on the MIM length and the gap thickness has been studied systematically. The proposed PBS structure, with a total size of 4 × 0.7 × 44 µm^3 is designed with MIM length, gap thickness, and metal thickness of 0.6 µm, 0.5 µm, and 0.05 µm, respectively. In the designed PBS, the transmittance for the TM polarized light, reflectance for the TE polarized light, extinction ratio, and insertion losses of the TE and TM modes are obtained using a 3D finite-difference time-domain method to be 0.9, 0.88, 12.55 dB, and 1.1 dB and 0.9 dB, respectively. The designed PBS has a much shorter length, 44 µm, compared to previous PBS devices.
Finally, based on the previous analyzation, we have proposed high sensitivity horizontal slot waveguide-based triangular ring resonator with long evanescent field. Different from the conventional integrated optical devices, in which the light is guided in high-index medium by the total internal reflection, the slot waveguide confines the E-field in the low-index region by way of strong discontinuities at the interface between the low-index core and the high-index claddings. Because the waveguide using these characteristic has a lower effective index than typical optical waveguide, the TRR have been achieved very high sensitivity, in which the longer evanescent fields on a TIR mirror with equal incidence angle. Optical quality factor of up to 9.461×10^2 is calculated in such filters, and the sensitivity of the resonance shift for changing the refractive index of 1×10^-4 at the incidence angle of 34.11° has been identified as high as 1.02 × 10^5 nm/RIU.