Recently, the rapid climate change and severe air pollution caused an increase in respiratory diseases, receiving a vast attention of people. One of the common respiratory diseases, Asthma, is a disease becoming more prevailing both nationally and int...
Recently, the rapid climate change and severe air pollution caused an increase in respiratory diseases, receiving a vast attention of people. One of the common respiratory diseases, Asthma, is a disease becoming more prevailing both nationally and internationally. Having symptoms of wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough, the manifestation of chronic symptoms of asthma has various effects on the lives of patients in terms of physical, psychological and social aspects. Thus, it is necessary to understand and approach how patients with asthma accept and manage the disease in their lives from the collective and comprehensive point of view. Applying a grounded theory approach to examine and understand the process of disease management experience of patients with asthma, this research tried to develop a substantive theory to explain them.
The participants of this study were people above 19 years’ old who were diagnosed as an asthma patient, and 20 people were selected in accordance to the theoretical sampling method. The data were acquired through in-depth interviews taken from June to October, 2018, and the collected results were analyzed by following the steps of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, suggested by the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998).
As a result, 69 concepts, 30 subcategories and 13 categories were drawn to explain the disease management experience of patients with asthma. Patients suffering from asthma encountered various changes and risks in their lives, such as ‘limitation on everyday lives’, ‘weakening of primary social relationship’, ‘difficulties in employment and work life’, and ‘remorse for the family’. In particular, the central phenomenon that overwhelms the patients in the middle of disease management experience was ‘fear of unpredictable encountering with the aggravation of the symptoms’. Patients with asthma always have the fear and anxiety against unpredictable prognosis since they could not predict when the symptoms would appear. On the central phenomenon, ‘being skeptical of treatment’ and ‘willingness for disease management’ were shown to work as a contextual condition.
The patients with asthma who underwent the ‘cognition phase of health problem’ grew their will to self-manage their disease, leading to ‘adjustment phase of health problem’ which utilized strategies of ‘environmental control for asthma to prevent symptoms’ and ‘interventions for self health management care plan’. In utilizing these strategies, ‘economic burden of disease’ and ‘aid from supporting system’ worked as an interventing condition. The patients who have gone thorough theses process then moved to ‘maintenance phase of disease management’ and experienced a sense of ‘acquiring control of asthma symptom management’, considering asthma more positive and gaining confidence on efficient self-management. However, some of patients failed to use these strategies and stayed at ‘stagnation phase of disease management’, which represented the result of ‘continual pursuit of health risk behavior by one’s own decision’.
The core category showing the disease management experience of patients with asthma was deduced to ‘life-long management of the disease to prevent an aggravation of symptoms anytime during lifetime’, and the types of the disease management experience of patients with asthma were divided into three types: ‘self-managing’, ‘partially self-managing’ and ‘avoidant’ patients.
In conclusion, this research found out patients with asthma led their disease management process to prevent symptoms as well as not to aggravate their symptoms. Through the results above, this study covered the experience of patients with asthma in a holistic perspective, and it is thought to be significant as it set basic information for developing nursing intervention programs for efficient disease management and establishing policies for patients with asthma.