Recent industrialization has resulted in a surge in the use of fossil fuels, leading to a continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Consequently, marine ecosystems are at risk of being impacted by alterations in water temperature, salinity...
Recent industrialization has resulted in a surge in the use of fossil fuels, leading to a continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Consequently, marine ecosystems are at risk of being impacted by alterations in water temperature, salinity, and acidification. Exposure to these environmental changes generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in marine organisms, including powerful oxidizing agents such as superoxide anion radicals (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overproduction of ROS in the body results in oxidative stress, leading to a variety of forms of intracellular damage, such as the oxidation of nucleic acids, including DNA, and the promotion of cell death. To counteract the ROS generated in their bodies, organisms employ antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). During this process, SOD converts O2− to H2O2, while CAT converts H2O2 into harmless water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) molecules. However, even with these antioxidant mechanisms in place, ROS that remain in the body can trigger lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA damage, potentially resulting in cell death. In our study, we simulated a complex environmental change scenario by assuming global warming and ocean acidification, both of which are ongoing and projected to persist in the future. Specifically, we exposed abalone Haliotis discus hannai, a marine gastropod, to various environmental stressors, including changes in water temperature, salinity, and pH (salinity + pH, water temperature + pH), and observed their physiological response, including antioxidant activity and cell death, as a means of mitigating oxidative stress.
1. Effect of temperature and pH on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone
This study analyzed oxidative stress indicators (ROS and MDA), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), and apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3) in abalone, to investigate the impact of water temperature and pH changes on oxidative stress and apoptosis. Abalone were exposed to a range of water temperatures (15 ℃, 20 ℃, and 25 ℃) and pH levels (7.5 and 8.1) for five days, and in situ hybridization and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were used to visually confirm the effects. Abalone exposed to low/high water temperatures, or a low pH exhibited increased levels of ROS and MDA, with a particularly significant increase observed when low/high water temperatures were combined and a low pH. SOD and CAT expression levels were similarly increased under these complex conditions. The expression of caspase-3, an apoptosis-related gene, was also elevated in the low/high water temperature and low pH conditions, with the highest expression observed when the high temperature was combined with the low pH. Additionally, high levels of apoptosis were detected in abalone exposed to high temperature and low pH conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates that abalone experience an increased expression of antioxidant enzymes and cell death in response to warming temperatures, alone, and in combination with acidification. Specifically, high temperatures promoted cell death by upregulating genes associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis, compared to low pH environments.
2. Effect of salinity and pH on oxidative stress and apoptosis in disk abalone
In In this study, the effects of low salinity and low pH on abalone were investigated by exposing them to a complex environment of 26 PSU and pH 7.5 for 5 days. The degree of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme levels (ROS, SOD, and CAT), and osmotic pressure generated in the body of abalone were assessed. Changes in the expression levels of regulation-related genes (Na+/K+-ATPase) and the degree of cell death and DNA damage were also analyzed to determine the effects of salinity and pH changes in abalone. The results showed that the effects of the low salinity and low pH combined to induce significantly higher levels of H2O2 concentration in the hemolymph alongside the expressions of SOD, CAT, and caspase-7 mRNA in the hepatopancreas, compared to the effects of low salinity or low pH alone. As the exposure time elapsed, the degree of DNA damage increased along with caspase-7 mRNA expression. The gill NKA expression and activity, and hemolymph osmolarity were significantly decreased in the low-salinity experimental group. However, there was no significant difference in the NKA expression and activity in the pH 8.1 (control) and low pH experimental groups. These findings suggest that the combined effects of low salinity and low pH can cause uncontrollable levels of ROS-mediated oxidative stress, leading to cell death and DNA damage in abalone.