This study was to examine (a) differences on students' beliefs about intelligence(i.e., incremental and entity) between Korea and China, and whether there are gender or age differences in students' beliefs about intelligence, (b) whether perceived par...
This study was to examine (a) differences on students' beliefs about intelligence(i.e., incremental and entity) between Korea and China, and whether there are gender or age differences in students' beliefs about intelligence, (b) whether perceived parents' achievement goals and students' beliefs about intelligence influence their achievement goals, (c) whether there are differences in the convoy membership according to country and gender, (d) the closest person to Korean and Chinese students, and (e) whether the closest person's achievement goals influence students' beliefs about intelligence and their achievement goals.
The final samples consisted of 403 Korean and 371 Chinese students in grades 7 to 9. The results indicated that (a) there were no significant differences in students' beliefs about intelligence between countries, gender and grade, and found that perceived parents' achievement goals and students' beliefs about intelligences influence their achievement goals. (b) For Korean students, (1) parents' mastery goal predicted positively incremental beliefs and predicted negatively entity beliefs, (2) parents' mastery goal and students' incremental beliefs predicted positively their mastery goal, (3) parents' performance goal was predicted positively students' performance-approach goal, and (4) students' incremental beliefs predicted their positively performance-approach goal.
For Chinese students, father's achievement goals did not significantly influence students' beliefs about intelligence, whereas mother's achievement goals significantly influenced students' beliefs about intelligence. The results showed that (1) both mother's mastery goal and performance goal positively influenced students' incremental beliefs, (2) mother's mastery goal negatively influenced entity beliefs, (3) parents' mastery goal and students' incremental beliefs positively influenced their mastery goal, (4) father's mastery goal positively influenced students' performance-approach goal, (5) students' incremental beliefs positively influenced their performance-approach goal, and (6) parents' performance goal and students' entity beliefs positively influenced performance-avoidance goal.
The results also showed that (c) there are differences in the convoy members according to country and gender, and (d) a mother is the closest person to Korean and Chinese students.
Finally, these findings indicated that (e) for students who selected their mother as the closest person, their mother's achievement goals and their beliefs about intelligence influenced their achievement goals. For Korean students, the results showed that (1) mothers' mastery goals positively influenced students' incremental beliefs and negatively influenced their entity beliefs, (2) mothers' performance goal positively influenced students' entity beliefs, (3) students' mastery goal was positively influenced by their incremental beliefs and their mothers' mastery goal, and negatively influenced by their entity beliefs. (4) students' performance-approach goal was positively influenced by their incremental beliefs and their mothers' performance goal, (5) students' performance-avoidance goal was positively influenced by their entity beliefs and their mothers' performance goal.
For Chinese students, the results showed that (1) mothers' mastery and performance goals positively influenced students' incremental beliefs, (2) mothers' mastery goal negatively influenced students' entity beliefs. Also, (3) mothers' performance goal and students' entity beliefs negatively influenced students' mastery goal. However, mothers' mastery goal and students' incremental beliefs positively influenced their mastery goal, (4) mothers' mastery and performance goals, and students' incremental beliefs positively influenced performance-approach goal, and (5) mothers' performance goal and students' entity beliefs positively influenced their performance-avoidance goal.
Results are discussed in terms of their implication for mediating role of students' beliefs about intelligence in Korea and China.