Advancement in mobile environments expanded their range and greatly changed the interaction compared to that in the past. Recently, soft keyboard based on touch interaction has become an essential feature in mobile environments, and related various st...
Advancement in mobile environments expanded their range and greatly changed the interaction compared to that in the past. Recently, soft keyboard based on touch interaction has become an essential feature in mobile environments, and related various studies have been continuing for some time now. In particular, research on touch interaction has become more important for smartphones due to recent trends like the Bezel-less design. Despite such conditions, however, many mobile studies are focusing on the performance while studies on cursor control for text entry are not being done enough. Therefore, this study conducted research on usability of pointing interaction according to cursor control types by testing with smartphones, which are the main constituent of mobile environments. The purpose of this study was to establish guidelines applicable to various mobile devices based on touch interaction including smartphones.
This study tested for three types of cursor control types, Default, 3D touch, and Slide. Before testing, three control types were analyzed based on Fitts' law and the C-D ratio, and two hypotheses were formulated based on these analyses. In order to verify the hypotheses, tests for the three cursor control types were carried out by 24 test participants to evaluate usability of each method. Movement time of a cursor was measured as a quantitative evaluation and a survey based on 8 criteria (Usefulness, Perceived time reduction, Ease of use, Error recovery, Ease to memorize, Learnability, Fun, and Satisfaction) along with interviews were done as a qualitative evaluation. Test results showed that the 3D touch and Slide control types had better performance than the Default method overall. In the qualitative evaluation, the first two aforementioned manipulation methods both received superior evaluations in different aspects. Thus, the first hypothesis of the Default types having a longer movement time than the rest of the types was supported. The second hypothesis stated that the difference in cursor movement times between the Default method and the 3D touch method increased as movement distance of the cursor increased. This was not statistically verified but such trend was observed. In addition, the correlation between actual cursor movement time and the reduced amount of user's perceived time was additionally analyzed. Results showed a statistically significant correlation, but to a small degree. Finally, factors affecting the overall satisfaction on cursor manipulation were analyzed and as a result, four usability factors were derived in the order of Error recovery> Fun> Learnability> Usefulness.
Lastly, important design guidelines for interaction of cursor control in a mobile environment were derived based on various analyses of test results. First of all, the acceleration function for cursor movement and manipulation is an important feature to consider, and manipulation design should allow minimized range of hand movement so the hands do not leave the keyboard. And fine-tuning of cursor is important for fast and accurate error recovery, and cursor manipulation experience should also include a fun factor. Operational methods should be intuitive so it is easy to learn and remember, and should be designed to minimize errors. Finally, for text entry, users must be able to recognize the usefulness of cursor manipulation. This study can be applied to research on pointing interaction in all mobile environments including cursor manipulation, and it is meaningful in that alternatives to existing touch interactions can be proposed in the future.