The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristic activities of the laity organizations of the contemporary urban Buddhist temples in Korea. The Buddhist laity organizations in Korea emerged in response to the crises of Buddhism during the 20...
The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristic activities of the laity organizations of the contemporary urban Buddhist temples in Korea. The Buddhist laity organizations in Korea emerged in response to the crises of Buddhism during the 20th century and played important roles helping the Buddhist orders deal with the crises. Their activities have been particularly strong in the Buddhist temples located in downtown areas.
During the first half of the 20th century, urban Buddhist temples grew in number, but it did not lead to qualitative growth. The same was true to the laity activities. They remained at initial and basic stages failing to enhancing their activities, power and importance. Buddhist laity organizations, however, increased rapidly during the second half of the century not only in number but also in power and ranges of activities.
Four factors worked as the background of the change. Firstly, the urbanization of Korean society in general and Buddhist temples in particular has provided a basis for promoting the activities of the laity. Secondly, as the number of Buddhist priests decreases, the roles of the Buddhist laity have extended in solving problems of both inside and outside of Buddhism. The laity took over much of the roles from monks in Buddhist activities. Lay men and women educated to specialize in temple administration helped overcome crisis situations of Buddhist temples.
Third, competition with other religions has brought Buddhism to crises. In response to this, new propagation methods were introduced centered upon the active participation of the laity. It was ironical that the aggressive missionary methods of Protestant Christian evangelism, the main competitor of Buddhism, were much benchmarked.
Lastly, the laity have changed their attitude to temple administration. They traditionally had a vertical relationship with monks. Monks were regarded as the owners of temples and the laity as their supporters and followers. Monks were totally in charge of temple administration and especially finances. They were not the laity’s business. The laity thus often connive and condone monks' corruption or illegal practices. Standing against this situation, the laity began to establish their position as another host group in Buddhism and actively raise their voices for change.
For these various reasons, the laity have become very active in urban Buddhist temples in Korea. This study investigated the characteristics of the laity activities in selected cases in Seoul: Bongeunsa Temple; Bulkwangsa Temple; and Jungto Society. The characteristics are analyzed in four areas of activities: in-depth doctrine learning; social engagement; organization and operation of the laity associations; and change of rituals.
It was a kind of phenomenal trend toward the end of the last century that Buddhist temples in Korea, especially those missionary outposts in urban areas, established laity education projects and institutions. Laity education was one of the most powerful factors that brought about changes in their status. It provided them with the opportunity to establish systematic doctrinal understandings of their faith. Buddhist temples began to serve as a kind of local community providing various education programs, and the laity became to perform core tasks in operation of the programs.
Next, this study looked into the various social engagement and welfare activities of the contemporary Buddhist laity as pious praxis of their religious faith. They try to practice the Buddhist ideals as they have learned and understood in everyday personal and social life. Although this is mostly carried out through voluntary activities in Buddhist temples, it may also encourage them to address global issues of concern from Buddhist points of view.
Third, this study paid attention to the laity organization itself. Buddhist temples were traditionally administered through vertical relationship between monks and the laity. The emergence of the laity associations brought about changes to the hierarchical structure: they are based on horizontal relationship of the laity.
Lastly, ritual forms and processes have changed in order to adapt to urban life patterns. Rituals had been regarded as the business of monks, and all that the laity could do had been passive participation in them. In the similar vein, self-discipline and -cultivation for the ultimate Buddhist ideal, i.e. enlightenment, had been regarded as a privilege of monks. However, rituals have been changed in order to accommodate the urban life style of the laity, enabling them to play leading roles in ritual processes. Furthermore, the laity have become to think that they also are fully qualified to participate in discipline and cultivation for enlightenment such as meditation practice.
In this study, the status of the laity in contemporary Buddhism in Korea is reviewed by retracing the changes of their roles in the process of urban temples’ growth. It is confirmed that vitalization of the laity activities is a key element of the characteristics of contemporary urban Buddhist temples in Korea. This study focuses on the symbolic meaning of the phenomenon in which a distinction between monks and the laity gradually disappears.