Purpose) Calorie-restriction diet is strongly recommended to the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in current clinical settings to achieve euglycemia, since higher rate of vascular complications was observed as blood glucose level increases. Howe...
Purpose) Calorie-restriction diet is strongly recommended to the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in current clinical settings to achieve euglycemia, since higher rate of vascular complications was observed as blood glucose level increases. However, a recent clinical trial showed that the morality rate related with cardiovascular disease is higher in intensive glucose control group compared with standard control group, although the level of blood glucose was closer to euglycemia in intensive glucose control group. These findings suggest that the current strategy for the treatment of diabetes targeting to achieve euglycemia even by applying calorie-restriction may not be necessarily beneficial to reduce diabetes related morbidity and mortality, especially in case of cardiovascular complications. Therefore, we hypothesized that achieving euglycemia in insulin deficiency by calorie-restriction may do harm to the heart, where glucose uptake is insulin-dependent, due to energy deficiency compared to hyperglycemic condition. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if calorie-restriction to achieve euglycemia is valid in diabetic rats in terms of cardiac tissue damage and energy metabolism
Methods) Thirteen weeks-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: subtotally pancreatectomized diabetic rats (Px; n=13) and sham operation control rats (C; n=6). Diabetes was induced by 5-weeks ad libitum diet in Px group. Px group was further divided into normal chow diet ad libitum group (AL group, n=6) or a calorie restriction diet group (R group, n=6) and fed for further 6-weeks. The amount of restricted calorie in R group was determined based on the diet consumption in C group so that R group might have the same calorie intake per body weight as C group. Body weight and fasting blood glucose level were measured weekly and biweekly, respectively. After 11-weeks of total experiment period, rats were euthanized with CO2 gas and the blood samples were obtained to measure plasma C-peptide and insulin levels. The heart was taken out and its weight was measured. Cardiac fibrosis, autophagy, and the changes in mitochondrial morphology in heart tissues were evaluated by using light and electron microscopy. The levels of protein expression and activation related to Akt, autophagy, and their upstream regulators regarding cardiac muscle energy and nutrient sensing were also assessed by western blot to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the changes in heart tissue.
Results) At 23-weeks of age, the concentration of C-peptide and insulin of Px group were 11% (P < 0.001) and 5% (P < 0.001) of C group, respectively. The average blood glucose level of Px group after 5-weeks of ad libitum diet was 541.8 ± 87.9 mg/dl, which was significantly higher than that of C group (114.2 ± 5.5 mg/dl, P < 0.001), confirming the development of overt diabetes. Fasting blood glucose level decreased in R group after the calorie-restriction diet for 6-weeks to the comparable level as that of C group (116.0 ± 12.6 mg/dl vs. 119.8 ± 18.6 mg/dl, P = 0.684). However, the mean body weight of R group decreased to 54.1% of C group (P < 0.001). The heart weight of R group (0.9 g) was lower than that of C or even AL group (1.7 g or 1.3g, respectively; P < 0.001 or P = 0.003, respectively). Light microscopic findings demonstrated that cardiac fibrosis increased in R group compared with C and AL groups. Electron microscopic findings showed a decrease in the density of myocardial fibers, loss of mitochondria, a decrease in the compactness of cristae, and an increase in autophagy in R group compared to C or AL group. The level of phosphorylation of the key insulin signaling for anabolism, Akt, decreased in R group compared to C or AL group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). The phosphorylation levels of Akt in C and AL groups were similar. The autophagy level determined by LC3 II/I ratio increased significantly in R group among all experimental groups (P < 0.001). To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of autophagy, the phosphorylation levels of AMPK and mTOR were subsequently determined, in which the phosphorylation level of AMPK increased in R group compared with the other groups and that of mTOR decreased in R group. To investigate whether the reduction of compactness of cristae in mitochondria observed by electron microscopy was associated with a decrease in electron transport chain complexes, the expression level of complex I was measured with western blot, in which the level was lowest in R group among all experimental groups.
Conclusion) Although the subtotally pancreatectomized diabetic rats (R group) achieved euglycemia through calorie restriction compared to the intake of the AL group, R group lost significantly their body weight and heart weight compared to both C and AL groups. Reduced heart weight in R group was attributed to the excessively increased autophagy in cardiomyocytes via AMPK activation and mTOR inactivation under decreased Akt activity, suggesting that even the same calorie intake per body weight in R group as C group may deplete energy level and decrease protein synthesis signal in cardiomyocytes compared to hyperglycemic AL group in insulin deficiency. Additionally, the heart tissue of R group showed increased fibrosis, reduced density of cardiac muscle fibers, alterations in mitochondrial morphology, and decreased mitochondrial complex I expression, suggesting the existence of cardiac damage in the heart tissue of R group. Therefore, these results indicate that a calorie restriction diet to achieve euglycemia in insulin deficiency may be more dangerous than ad libitum diet resulting in hyperglycemia, because a significant loss of functional volume of heart tissue and subsequent cardiac dysfunction can be developed.