Strategies to improve slums through sustainable urban regeneration in ‘Mattakkuliya’, Colombo, Sri Lanka

국문 초록 (Abstract)

도시 인구의 증가와 도시화로 발생하는 슬럼은 오늘날 사회가 직면한 주요 문제다. 슬럼은 주택 부족, 사회적 불평등, 일자리 부족, 폐기물 관리, 범죄 등 많은 환경, 사회, 경제 문제를 야기한다. 이 상황은 앞으로 더욱 악화될 것이다. 도시 지역의 비공식 정착지가 급속히 확장됨에 따라 그 지역에 거주하는 이들은 개발된 도시 지역에서 살 권리를 잃는다.
각국 정부는 시민들에게 더 나은 삶의 질을 제공하기 위해 도시 슬럼가를 재생하는 작업을 오랫동안 진행해 왔다. 이들 정부는 도시 재생을 진행할 때 지속가능성을 추구하기 쉽지 않은 경우가 많아 다양한 상황에서 여러 문제에 직면하게 된다.
이 연구의 목적은 스리랑카와 같은 개발도상국에서 도시 재생을 위한 성공적이고 지속가능한 지표와 전략을 식별하고 실행하는 방법을 연구하는 것이다. 주요 연구 문제는 도시재생을 위한 지속가능성 지표의 부족이다. 따라서 개발도상국에서의 지속가능한 도시재생을 통한 슬럼 개선 활동에 대해 새로운 지식을 찾고, 그 지식을 효과적이고 저렴하며 실행 가능한 지속가능성 지표와 전략을 통해 구현함으로써 향후 발생할 수 있는 문제를 예방하는 것이 필요하다.
연구 문제를 해결하기 위해 탐색적 기술적 연구를 사용했다. 여러 국가에서 시행된 몇 가지 성공적인 지속가능한 도시 재생 프로젝트를 사례 연구로 연구했다. 질적 방법을 주로 활용하면서 기술적 방법을 병행 사용했다. 연구 질문에 답하는 연구 방법론은 두 가지로 구성되는데 첫 번째는 문헌 검토를 통해, 두 번째는 심층 인터뷰와 설문 조사를 통해 진행했다.
개발도상국에서 지속가능성을 구현하는 데 가장 큰 어려움은 높은 초기 비용이다. 본 연구의 주요 결과로 개발도상국의 슬럼 개선의 지속가능성을 구현하기 위해 우선 실행할 수 있는 저렴하고, 비용이 낮고, 쉽고, 복잡하지 않고, 효과적인 해결책과 지표 및 전략을 도출했다. 마지막으로 사례 연구와 이해관계자 인터뷰를 통해 얻은 데이터 분석을 바탕으로 지속가능한 도시재생의 지표와 개발도상국에서 성공적으로 적용할 수 있는 전략을 모색했다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Slums, which have been arisen due to the increase in urban population with urbanization, are one of the major issues facing society today. It has created many environmental, social, and economic problems such as housing shortage, social inequality, unemployment, waste management problems and crime. This situation will worsen in the future. Due to the rapid expansion of informal settlements in urban areas, they themselves have lost the right to live in a developed urban area.
Therefore, the governments of countries have been in the process of regenerating these urban slums for a long time to provide a better quality of life to their citizens. In carrying out this urban regeneration, many challenges have to be faced under different circumstances because in some cases, moving towards sustainability is not an easy step.
The objective of this research is to study how to identify and implement successful, sustainable indicators and strategies for urban regeneration in a developing country like Sri Lanka. The strategic lack of sustainability indicators for urban regeneration, especially sustainability indicators, is the main research problem. Therefore, it is needed to discover new knowledge on slum improvement activities through sustainable urban regeneration in a developing country that can be implemented with effective, affordable, and viable sustainability indicators and strategies to prevent future problems.
To address the research problems, an exploratory descriptive method of study was conducted. Several successful sustainable urban regeneration projects implemented in several countries are studied as case studies. A mixed approach combining mainly qualitative methods with some form of descriptive methods was used. The research methodology consists of two parts, which answer the research questions. The first part is conducted through the literature review and the second part is conducted through in-depth interviews and questionnaire surveys.
The first and foremost challenge in implementing sustainability in a developing country is the high initial cost. As the main finding of this research, affordable, low cost, easy, uncomplicated, effective solutions, and indicators & strategies that can be implemented primarily in the implementation of the sustainability of slum improvement in a developing country were found. Finally, it is explored based on the analysis of data obtained through case studies and stakeholder interviews, indicators of sustainable urban regeneration and strategies that can be successfully applied in a developing country.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. INTRODUCTION 1
• 1.1 Background of the study 1
• 1.2 Purpose and need of the research 4
• 1.3 Research problem 4
• 1.4 Objectives and significance of the research 7
• 1.5 Research questions 8
• 1.6 Organization of the research 8
• 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 9
• 2.1 Introduction to informal settlements, urban regeneration and sustainable urban regeneration 9
• 2.2 Research gap 13
• 2.3 Definitions of terms 13
• 2.3.1 Definitions of urbanization 13
• 2.3.2 Definitions of slums and slum improvement 14
• 2.3.3 Definitions of urban regeneration 17
• 2.3.4 Definitions of sustainable urban regenerations 18
• 2.4 Informality in low- income houses 20
• 2.4.1 Global responses to low- income housing informality 20
• 2.4.2 Sri Lanka's responses to low- income housing informality 21
• 2.5 Main issues and challenges of urban regeneration in Sri Lanka 22
• 2.5.1 National and local level regulations, policies and programs of urban regeneration in Sri Lanka 24
• 2.6 'Mattakkuliya' urban regeneration project 34
• 2.6.1 Importance and considerations of 'Mattakkuliya' urban regeneration project 36
• 2.6.2 Other projects under the 'Mattakkuliya' urban regeneration project 38
• 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 41
• 3.1 Research design 41
• 3.1.1 Conceptual diagrams 41
• 3.2 Research method and methodology 46
• 3.3 Data collection 48
• 3.3.1 Primary data 49
• 3.3.2 Secondary data 51
• 3.4 Sampling 52
• 3.5 Data analysis 55
• 4. SELECTION OF CASE STUDIES 58
• 4.1 Case study No. 1: 'Deira' enrichment project, Dubai 59
• 4.2 Case study No. 2: 'Korail' urban regeneration project for slum upgrading, Bangladesh 68
• 4.3 Case study No. 3: Urban regeneration of Eastside quarter in Birmingham, United Kingdom 85
• 4.4 Case study No. 4: North Ankara urban regeneration project, Turkey 94
• 5. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS 104
• 5.1 Analysis 104
• 5.1.1 Analysis of case studies 104
• 5.1.2 Cross- case analysis of case studies 116
• 5.1.3 Analysis of stakeholders interviews 121
• 5.1.4 Cross- case analysis of stakeholders interviews 140
• 5.1.5 Analysis of public participants questionnaire survey 143
• 5.1.6 Analysis of public participants interviews 158
• 5.1.7 Cross- case analysis of public participants questionnaire survey and interviews 165
• 5.2 Interpretations 168
• 5.2.1 Identified indicators and strategies 168
• 6. CONCLUSIONS 175
• 6.1 Final conclusion 175
• 6.2 Recommendations for future research studies 181
• 6.2.1 Recommendations for project implementations 182
• 6.2.2 Recommendations for community members 184
• BIBLIOGRAPHY 185
• APPENDICES 193
• Appendix A - Informed consent script 193
• Appendix B - Questionnaire survey 194
• Appendix C - Interview questionnaire 198
• 초록 200
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 202