어머니의 마음상태 용어와 유아의 마음상태 용어 및 마음이론과의 관련성 연구 = (The) study in the relationship of mothers' mental state terms with children's and theory of mind

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purposes of this study are to investigate what types and tokens of the mental state terms 36 to 70 month old children and their mothers use while they read a wordless picture-book together and to find the relationship between mothers' and children's mental state terms and the theory of mind for children. The research questions were as follows:
Question 1. While mothers and children read a picture-book, what and how many mental state terms do mothers and children use?
Question 2. Is there any correlation between mothers' mental state terms and those of children's?
Question 3. Is there any relationship between children's mental state terms and the theory of mind for children?
3-1. Do the types and the tokens of children's mental state terms correlate with children's false belief or emotion understanding? Do the methods on how children use the mental state terms correlate with children's false belief or emotion understanding? 3-2. How are children's false belief or emotion understanding affected by the types and the tokens of children's mental state terms or by the methods on how children use them?
Question 4. Is there any relationship between mothers' mental state terms and the theory of mind for children?
4-1. Is there any correlation between the types or the tokens of mothers' mental state terms and children's false belief and emotion understanding? Do mothers' methods about using the mental state terms correlate with children's false belief and emotion understanding?
4-2. How are children's false belief and emotion understanding affected by the types and the tokens of mothers' mental state terms or by the methods in which mothers use the mental state terms?
The data were collected from 76 children and their mothers. These children were 36 to 70 months old and attended two daycare centers located at a middle class living area in Pusan.
By means of the five sub-categories of the mental state terms ((1) emotion, (2) thinking and believing, (3) knowing, (4) wishing/wanting and intention, (5) moral evaluation and obligation), the types and the tokens of the mental state terms were studied. Furthermore, EMS(Elaborated Mental State), ENMS(Elaborated Non-Mental State), NEMS(Non-Elaborated Mental State), and NENMS(Non-Elaborated Non-Mental State) were also studied as the methods on how to use the mental state terms.
To research the theory of mind for children, several tasks of false belief and emotion understanding were considered. As tests of false belief, 'exchange contents task' and 'unexpected transfer task' were used. For the study of emotion understanding, 'emotion situations task' and 'affective perspective-taking task' were applied. The linguistic ability of the children was measured by using Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised.
According to the characteristics of given research questions, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, and regression analysis was properly chosen for the statistical treatment of data.
The results of this research were obtained as below.
First, the types and the tokens of mothers' mental state terms were respectively 13.58% and 34.06% out of the number of total utterances, while they read a picture-book with their children. Considering the types of the mental state terms, the mothers used more sub-categories of the mental state terms in the order of emotion, thinking and believing, wishing/wanting and intention. For the case of the tokens, more sub-categories of the mental state terms were used by the mothers in the order of thinking and believing, wishing/wanting and intention and emotion. The order from the most to the least frequently used method in using the mental state terms was NENMS, NEMS, EMS and ENMS.
For children, the types and the tokens of the mental state terms took 9.81% and 17.44% over the number of total utterances, respectively. Thinking and believing, emotion and wishing/wanting and intention was the order of the mental state term sub-categories used by the children from the most to the least frequent when the types were considered. When the tokens were taken into account, the order of the sub-categories from the most to the least was thinking and believing, knowing and wishing/wanting and intention. As the methods on how to use mental state terms were considered, the children used the methods in the order of NENMS, NEMS, ENMS and EMS from the most to the least frequent.
Secondly, when the types of the mental state terms were considered, the correlation study on mothers' mental state terms and those of children showed that there were significant positive correlations between mothers' mental state term sub-categories and children's as the following: (1) mothers' emotion versus children's emotion, (2) mothers' thinking and believing versus children's thinking and believing and knowing, and (3) mothers' knowing versus children's thinking and believing and knowing. The result of the partial correlation analysis, while children's age and linguistic ability were controlled, gave that the following mothers' sub-categories and those of children's were significantly correlated: (1) mothers' emotion versus children's emotion, (2) mothers' thinking and believing versus children's thinking and believing and knowing, and (3) mothers' knowing versus children's knowing.
When the tokens of the mental state terms were taken into account, (1) mothers' thinking and believing and children's emotion and thinking and believing, and (2) mothers' knowing and children's knowing terms showed significant positive correlations. When a partial correlation analysis was carried out while the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled, (1) mothers' thinking and believing and children's thinking and believing, (2) mothers' knowing and children's knowing, and (3) mothers' moral evaluation and obligation and children's moral evaluation and obligation were significantly correlated.
In the correlation analysis, when the methods on how the mental state terms were used by the mothers and the children were considered, (1) mothers' EMS and children's ENMS, (2) mothers' ENMS and children's EMS, ENMS and NENMS, (3) mothers' NEMS and children's EMS, ENMS, NEMS and NENMS, and (4) mothers' NENMS and children's EMS, ENMS, NEMS and NENMS showed significant positive correlations. While the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled, the partial correlation analysis gave significant positive correlations in (1) mothers' ENMS and children's EMS, ENMS and NENMS, (2) mothers' NEMS and children's EMS, ENMS, NEMS and NENMS, and (3) mothers' NENMS and children's EMS, ENMS, NEMS and NENMS.
Thirdly, when the correlation between children's mental state terms and the theory of mind for children was studied, the results were obtained as followings. When the types of the mental state terms were considered, there were significant positive correlations in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) emotion terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (3) thinking and believing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (4) knowing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (5) wishing/wanting and intention terms versus false belief. When the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled, no significant positive correlations between the types of children's mental state terms and the theory of mind for children were found in the partial correlation analysis.
When the tokens of the mental state terms were considered, the correlation analysis yielded significant positive correlations in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) knowing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, and (3) thinking and believing terms versus false belief. A significant positive correlation between knowing terms and emotion understanding was found in the partial correlation analysis while the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled.
In the analysis considering the methods on how to use the mental state terms, (1) EMS and false belief or emotion understanding, (2) ENMS and false belief or emotion understanding, (3) NEMS and false belief or emotion understanding, and (4) NENMS and false belief showed significant positive correlations. However, when children's age and linguistic ability were controlled, the partial correlation analysis gave no significant positive correlations.
The regression analysis of the theory of mind for children, which was deduced by children's mental state terms, showed that the types and the tokens of the mental state terms or the methods yielded no effect on false belief. Furthermore, the types of the mental state terms and the method had no effect on emotion understanding, either. Only the tokens of the knowing terms had a significant effect on emotion understanding.
Fourthly, the study gave results on how mothers' mental state terms correlated with the theory of mind for children as the followings. When the types of the mental state terms were taken into account, significant positive correlations were found in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) emotion terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (3) thinking and believing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (4) knowing terms versus emotion understanding, and (5) the wishing/wanting and intention terms versus emotion understanding. The partial correlation analysis, while the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled, gave significant positive correlations in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) the emotion terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (3) the thinking and believing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (4) the knowing terms versus emotion understanding, and (5) the wishing/wanting and intention terms versus emotion understanding.
When the tokens of the mental state terms were studied, significant positive correlations were found in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) the emotion terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, and (3) the thinking and believing terms versus false belief or emotion understanding. When children's age and linguistic ability were treated as controlled variables, the partial correlation analysis yielded significant positive correlations in (1) the whole mental state terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (2) the emotion terms versus false belief or emotion understanding, (3) the thinking and believing terms versus emotion understanding, and (4) the knowing terms versus emotion understanding.
When the methods on how to use the mental state terms were taken into account, significant positive correlations were found in (1) EMS versus false belief and emotion understanding, and (2) NEMS versus emotion understanding. Significant positive correlations were found in EMS versus emotion understanding and in NEMS versus emotion understanding in the partial correlation analysis when the age and linguistic ability of the children were controlled.
The regression analysis of the theory of mind for children driven by mothers' mental state terms showed that mothers' thinking and believing terms yielded an effect on children's false belief when the types of the mental state terms were considered. When the tokens were considered, mothers' emotion terms had a significant effect on children's false belief. However, mothers' methods on how to use the mental state terms had no effects on children's false belief. The regression analysis of children's emotion understanding gave that mothers' emotion and thinking and believing terms had significant effects on children's emotion understanding when the types of the mental state terms were considered. As the tokens of the mental state terms were taken into account, this analysis showed that mothers' emotion terms gave some significant effects on children's emotion understanding. Furthermore, mothers' EMS also affected significantly children's emotion understanding.

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