정조대 화성축성과 옹성의 군사적 기능

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of the Hwaseong Ongseong and discovering the significance of the construction of Hwaseong Fortress.
A study on the defense of the Hwaseong Fortress was conducted mainly on the newly applied construction techniques or defensive facilities.
Hwaseong Ongseong has only been mentioned as one of the defensive facilities applied to the Fortress.
Ongseong is a gate defense facility that was used before the Joseon Dynasty. The importance of Ongseong was emphasized even in the Joseon Dynasty. Ongseong has an advantage in defense, but the difficulty of construction was a problem.
However, on Hwaseong Fortress, Ongseong has been constructed in all the gates to increase the defensive feature. The Hwaseong Fortress was in a flat area without moats and easy for the enemy to approach.
Due of the function of the gate that requires it to be opened and closed, the gate was more likely to be attacked as it was the weakest facility in the fortress and was easily accessible to the enemy.
Defending the gate, which is the most vulnerable facility on the fortress, was the Hwaseong Ongseong. Therefore, the feature and concept of the Hwaseong Ongseong will be a major part of the fortress.
Based on the characteristics of the Hwaseong Ongseong, this research is to be used as a measure to analyze the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress.
This study will discuss the background of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress as a flat field fortress and explore the criterion of architecture.
I’ll discuss the defense system of the capital fortress, the defense system of the flat field fortress, and the Yu soo bu system, and analyze the Sungjego(城制考) that will set as an example of the construction of Hwaseong.
Based on this analysis, This study will show and analyze the features and characteristics of it compared to those shown in the Hwaseongseongyeoguigwe.(華城城役儀軌) Hwaseongseongyeoguigwe is records of Hwaseong Fortress Construction
King Jeong-jo founded the Royal Platoon to protect Hwaseong Fortress and the tomb of his father.
Royal Division of Hwaseong has a regulation for the defense of fortress. Through this regulation, we will learn about the number of fortress defense troops deployed to the Hwaseong Fortress and show the practical importance of Hwaseong ongseong.
In military defense of the Joseon Dynasty, fortresses were considered as an important system. However, Emergence of a city defense system for stabilization of the regime makes the era of "Flat field fortress defense system" and a "Yusubu system" Hwaseong Fortress planned in Suwon in this concept. King Jeong-jo presented a Chinese fortress system in order to have the practical defense of the flat field fortress.
Overall, Hwaseong Fortress follows the system of Seongjego. However, there were some variations of ongseong. It was not a transformation to match the military realities of Joseon. In addition, "Sungjego" offers moat and additional defense facilities as the basic features of the fortress system, but were not built in Hwaseong Fortress.
This study identifies the characteristics and limitations of Hwaseong Ongseong. Hwaseong Ongseong was a facility which can protect the gate to overcome the structural weakness of Hwaseong. For this purpose, Ongseong was planned and built based on the castle system, which was discussed even in period Jeong-jo.
Northern Ongseong and Southern Ongseong were designed to secure the fortress by deploying rangers and the size of troops was the same with the main gate defense troops.
The Seong Je proposed for the construction of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a composite of the cases of China and Japan. However, incomplete factors of design raise doubts about the defensive power of Suwon Hwaseong.
Hwaseong Fortress' defense system is not directly related to the military status and situation of Joseon. In conclusion, Hwaseong Fortress had more ways to increase its defenses, but they were not fully applied.
Based on this, the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress is to strengthen the national governance system, rather than to compose effective defense against foreign invasion.
Such discussions are expected to be complemented by detailed research on the location, nature, and status of the moats as defense facilities during the late Joseon Dynasty.
Overall, Hwaseong Fortress follows the system of Seongjego. However, there were some variations of ongseong. It was not a transformation to match the military realities of Joseon. In addition, "Sungjego" offers moat and additional defense facilities as the basic features of the fortress system, but was not built in Hwaseong Fortress.
This study identifies the characteristics and limitations of Hwaseong Ongseong. Hwaseong Ongseong was a facility which can protect the gate to overcome the structural weakness of Hwaseong. For this purpose, Ongseong was planned and built based on the castle system, which was discussed even in period Jeong-jo. Not only did it end with the construction of Ongseong, but to protece the gate. Northern Ongseong and Southern Ongseong were designed to secure the fortress by deploying rangers and the size of troops was the same with the main gate defense troops.
The Seong Je proposed for the construction of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is a composite of the cases of China and Japan. However, incomplete factors of design raise doubts about the defensive power of Suwon Hwaseong.
Hwaseong Fortress' defense system is not directly related to the military status and situation of Joseon. In conclusion, Hwaseong Fortress had more ways to increase its defenses, but they were not fully applied.
Based on this, the significance of the Hwaseong Fortress is to strengthen the national governance system, not the effective defense against foreign invasion.
Such discussions are expected to be complemented by detailed research on the location, nature, and status of the moats as defense facilities during the late Joseon Dynasty.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 화성 옹성의 성격을 분석하여 화성축성의 의의를 밝히는 것이 목적이다. 화성의 방어시설물에 관한 연구는 주로 화성에 적용된 축성술과 시설물을 중심으로 진행되었다. 화성 옹성은 화성에 적용된 방어시설물 중 하나로 언급되었다. 옹성은 조선시대 이전부터 사용되었던 성문 방어시설물로서 조선시대에도 계속해서 그 중요성이 확인되었다. 옹성은 방어적 이점이 있지만 공역의 어려움이 계속해서 제기되었다. 공영의 어려움에도 화성은 성의 방어력을 높이기 위해 모든 성문에 옹성이 설치되었다. 화성은 평지성이고 해자가 없어 적군이 접근하기 쉬웠다. 성문은 개폐하는 기능의 특성상 성곽에서 가장 취약한 시설일 수밖에 없고 적군이 쉽게 접근하여 공격할 확률이 높았다. 화성의 가장 취약한 시설이라고 할 수 있는 성문을 방어하던 대표적 방어시설이 화성 옹성이었다. 따라서 화성 옹성 연구는 화성 성곽 연구의 새로운 토대를 구축하는 시금석이 되고자 한다.
이와 함께 본 연구는 화성이 평지성에 축성된 배경을 논하고 화성 축성의 기준에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. 정조대까지 논의되던 도성방어체제와 평지성 방어체제, 유수부체제를 논하고 화성 축성의 모범을 알 수 있는 『성제고』를 분석하고자 한다. 이를 기준으로 삼아, 『화성성역의궤』에 나타난 화성 옹성의 모습과 비교하여, 그 특징과 성격을 조명하려 한다.
한편 조선시대 성곽방어체제에서 산성은 주효하게 다뤄졌다. 다만 정권을 안정화하기 위해 도성 방어체제가 등장하면서 평지성 방어체제와 4부 유수부체제가 나타났다. 화성은 이런 배경 속에서 수원에 축성되었다. 정조는 평지성의 실제적인 방어능력을 갖추기 위해 중국성제를 도입하여 『성제도설』로 정리하였다. 『성제도설』의 내용은 『성제고』를 통해 알 수 있다.
화성 옹성은 『성제고』에서 제시된 성제를 전체적으로 잘 따르고 있다. 다만 몇몇 부분에서 옹성의 변형이 있었다. 그것은 조선의 군사적인 현실에 맞춘 변형은 아니었다. 또한 『성제고』는 성의 기본 모습으로 해자와 추가적인 방어시설물을 제시하나 화성에 설치되지는 않았다.
화성의 수성절목을 통해, 화성의 주요 방어거점인 북옹성과 남옹성에는 성문 수성군에 달하는 인원이 배치되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 북옹성과 남옹성에는 많은 수의 수성군이 배치되었다.
요컨대 화성 옹성은 화성의 핵심적인 방어시설물이지만 형식의 변형이 있었다. 이것은 조선의 군사적인 여건에 따른 부분은 아니었다. 화성 옹성의 변형은 화성이 효과적인 외적방어를 할 수 있을지에 대한 의문을 가지게 한다. 또한 『성제고』에 따르면 화성은 성문 및 옹성 등의 방어력을 높일 방법이 더 존재했으나 이것이 모두 적용되지는 않았다. 화성 옹성은 외적을 막기에는 미비점이 있었다. 다만 화성 축성시기 조선정부의 위협은 주로 국내의 것이었다. 그것은 무신난과 정조 즉위초기 암살위협이 대표적이다. 이를 바탕으로 보면 화성 축성은 외적의 효과적인 방어가 아니라 국내통치 체제를 강화하기 위한 것으로 보인다. 국내의 반란군에게서 성문을 수비하는 것은 옹성이면 충분했다. 해자 등이 설치되지 않은 것은 합리적인 선택일 수 있었다. 화성 옹성을 바탕으로 본 화성 축성의 의의는 국내 통치체제의 강화라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 논의는 조선후기 방어시설물로서 해자의 위치와 성격, 현황에 대한 구체적인 연구를 통해 보완되어야할 것으로 보인다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• Ⅱ. 축성술 논의와 성제의 규식화 8
• Ⅲ. 화성의 성문 방어시설과 옹성 체제 22
• 1. 화성 성역에 기획된 옹성 22
• 1) 북옹성과 남옹성 26
• 2) 동옹성과 서옹성 34
• 2. 옹성 방어력 강화 기술의 도입 38
• 3. 화성 성역에 제외된 방어시설 42
• Ⅳ. 화성 옹성의 군제사적 의미와 성격 51
• Ⅴ. 결론 55
• 참고문헌 59
• 부 록 62
• Abstract 71