The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how the characters in Hemingway's works, especially in The Sun Also Rises, The Garden of Eden, and The Old Man and the Sea, lead their own existential lives by sticking to moral belief in an absurd world....
The purpose of this dissertation is to examine how the characters in Hemingway's works, especially in The Sun Also Rises, The Garden of Eden, and The Old Man and the Sea, lead their own existential lives by sticking to moral belief in an absurd world. Ernest Hemingway is mainly interested in maintaining ironic perspective as a literary maneuver of presenting the existential struggle of life. Even though Hemingway's protagonists seem immersed in despair, corrupted with promiscuous intercourse in the confusion of sexual identity, they have the tendency to follow the ethical code which enables them to establish the existential life without losing the human dignity in such an absurd world.
Chapter II deals with the existential anguish Hemingway's characters go through under the ineluctable circumstance, and with the way of their struggle to overcome the situation.
According to Sartre, "Man makes himself" by choosing his morality, circumstances and responsibility for both himself and others. This kind of existentialist's philosophy can be found in most of Hemingway's works. Hemingway's heroes under this discrepant reality are struggling to find their own way of lives consistent with the code established by Hemingway. Hemingway's code is incorporated in the sportsmanship such as skillfulness, courage, passion, stoicism, virility and grace under pressure. The code is manifested in the protagonists' quest for existential life.
The first section in Chapter III examines the changing process of the heroine who belongs to anti-hero category in The Sun Also Rises. The ritual Brett performs to appease her inner anguish is not private, and hurts many men around her for its execution. But at the end of this novel, Brett's determination to seek a moral life by giving up her personal passion and sending Romero away for his bright future assumes the existential quality.
In The Sun Also Rises, young people seem to get lost at the mercy of nihilism and despondency. But we need to note they literally struggle to get out of despair caused by World War I and grope for an alternative way to live where traditional values disappear. Neither a traditional moral order nor social custom and system provides any meaning for Hemingway's heroes. Thus each protagonist finds his or her own way for existential life consistent with Hemingway's code through true love, compassion, correct choice, endurance, and moral commitment.
The second section in Chapter III reveals how the common theme is combined in the totally different two stories of The Garden of Eden and how the hero, David Bournes establishes the artistic achievement and the ethical gender identity. David is troubled with his wife's androgynous inclination, which leads to his failure to write properly. This novel resumes the code-oriented writer's attitude dealt with in Death in the Afternoon and Green Hills of Africa which show his sincere feelings about writing and his moral belief.
This novel also illustrates that the hero is striving against acculturation into a homophobic patriarchy dismantling binary oppositions of sexuality. David suffers from Catherine's attempt to merge separate sexual identities. Moreover, David realizes his whole world of art might be spoiled by the ernest demand from Catherine, his wife, who asks him to overturn his father's patriarchism in an Africa story. But David regains his emotional stability as an artist by parting with Catherine and by choosing Marita who thinks highly of his sexual identity.
The third section in Chapter III focuses on gaining a deepened insight into Santiago and his relationship to all creatures living in the universe just at the moment he caught the marlin in The Old Man and the Sea. While fighting the great marlin, Santiago comes to pity, to respect and to love the great fish as his equal and as his brother. He senses that either predators or preys are mysteriously bound in the one natural order. The Old Man and the Sea is the culminating expression of Hemingway's existential views on the tragic irony of all creatures' fate. This novelette reflects two dominant motifs of the matador and the crucified, blending them perfectly. In a sense, Santiago is literally a code-oriented matador now that he faces death with courage, endurance, and skillfulness as a fisherman.
In conclusion, in Hemingway's term, every human being is biologically trapped. That is to say, all men who are entirely part of a universe have no assurance before or beyond death, so they must make what the humans can do for life by themselves. The heroes mentioned above typify the men who manage to transcend their own sufferings by the exercise of unwavering will, imposing some meaning on an absurd world by assuming the moral responsibility for others as well as themselves. Hemingway consistently pursues a meaningful life by dramatizing the protagonists' quest for existential life in The Sun Also Rises, The Garden of Eden, and The Old Man and the Sea.