In this study, we developed an inquiry learning program to develop the epistemological view of scientific inquiry and applied it to school classrooms.
In the first year, we investigated students' epistemological views of scientific inquiry and some ...
In this study, we developed an inquiry learning program to develop the epistemological view of scientific inquiry and applied it to school classrooms.
In the first year, we investigated students' epistemological views of scientific inquiry and some related factors by using quantitative and qualitative methods. On the basis of the results, we developed an inquiry learning program.
In study 1, students’ epistemological views of scientific inquiry were investigated. The Views of Scientific Inquiry Questionnaire, consisting of five open-ended items concerning the contexts of scientific investigation, the methods of scientific investigation, the interpretation of data, and the data and evidence, was administered. Their epistemological understanding of scientific inquiry was found to be inadequate. Although they suggested a variety of factors influencing scientists' decisions on the questions and the methods of investigation, many of the factors were minor. Only few students specifically described the activities of scientists and the constituents of scientific activity, and students did not demonstrate adequate understanding of experiment in science and multiple scientific methods. Moreover, the percentage of students possessing the informed view that data can be variously interpreted was low. The students also did not understand the distinction between data and evidence.
The relationships among students' epistemological views on theory and data, science process skills, the perceptions of the preferred laboratory learning environments and attitudes toward laboratory works were also investigated (study 2). Science process skills, all subcategories of the perceptions of the preferred laboratory learning environments, and attitudes toward laboratory works were found to be significantly correlated with epistemological views on theory and data. In multiple regression analysis, science process skills, open-endedness and material environments and attitudes toward laboratory works significantly predicted epistemological views on theory and data.
Based on the results, we developed an inquiry learning program (study 3). We constructed learning materials by considering students' preconceptions about scientific inquiry. We also emphasized group discussion to make students understand by social agreement.
In the second year, we investigated the influences of the inquiry learning program at school classrooms (study 4). The program was found to be more effective in improving students' epistemological views on scientific inquiry than general scientific inquiry learning. Many students recognized that the program was helpful in changing their epistemological views on scientific inquiry. However, there were no statistically significant differences in both test scores of science achievement and enjoyment of science lessons. The students of the treatment group perceived that group discussion about the nature of scientific inquiry was an advantage of the program. However, they had difficulties in performing group discussion, understanding the nature of scientific inquiry, and writing and presenting their thoughts.
We also analyzed students' verbal interaction related to the change of epistemological views of scientific inquiry in the learning processes (study 5). Analyses of the results revealed that the proportion of students' statements related to the epistemology was low in overall processes, and that their interaction pattern was rather simple. The students who got high score in science achievement test also expressed most opinions. These results may be due to that they still had limited experiences in thinking epistemological aspects of inquiry, which is consistent with the low test scores of the understanding of scientific inquiry.