Terminalia arjuna Bark and inotropic therapy for heart failure

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Heart disease that ultimately leads to heart failure (HF) has been the number one cause of death in the United States as well as in many other countries for over a century. Inotropic therapy utilizing cardiotonics to increase cardiac contractility remains a significant component of the management of HF. However, adverse effects of currently available cardiotonics have been compromising their therapeutic value and often lead to further myocardial dysfunction. Thus, discovery of safe cardiotonics remains a main challenge to improvement of inotropic therapy for HF. This review briefly summarized cellular mechanisms underlying the inotropic action of currently available cardiotonics, newly-developed carditonics and the bark of Terminalia arjuna (TA), a tropical tree used in ayurvedic medicine. The potential of TA bark as a new cardiotonic in inotropic treatment for HF was also discussed.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Curran J, "β-Adrenergic enhancement of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium leak in cardiac myocytes is mediated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase" 100 : 391-398, 2007

2 Shizukuda Y, "ß-Adrenergic stimulation causes cardiocyte apoptosis: influence of tachycardia and hypertrophy" 275 : H961-H968, 1998

3 Metra M, "Use of inotropic agents in patients with advanced heart failure : lessons from recent trials and hopes for new agents" 71 : 515-525, 2011

4 Lederer WJ, "Transient inward current underlying arrhythmogenic effects of cardiotonic steroids in Purkinje fibres" 263 : 73-100, 1976

5 Joseph J, "The sympathetic nervous system in chronic heart failure" 41 : 9-16, 1998

6 Endoh M, "The effects of various drugs on the myocardial inotropic response" 26 : 1-31, 1995

7 Cleland J,GF, "The effects of the cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, on cardiac function in systolic heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, dose-ranging phase 2 trial" 378 : 676-683, 2011

8 The Digitalis Investigation Group, "The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure" 336 : 525-533, 1997

9 Oberoi L, "The aqueous extract, not organic extracts, of Terminalia arjuna bark exerts cardiotonic effect on adult ventricular myocytes" 18 : 259-265, 2011

10 Braunwald E, "The Management of heart failure: the past, the present, and the future" 1 : 58-62, 2008

11 Katz AM, "The "modern" view of heart failure: how did we get here" 1 : 63-71, 2008

12 Radhakrishnan R, "Terminalia arjuna, an ayurvedic cardiotonic, increases contractile force of rat isolated atria" 7 : 266-268, 1993

13 Jain S, "Terminalia arjuna a sacred medicinal plant: phytochemical and pharmacological profile" 8 : 491-502, 2009

14 Le Grand B, "Stimulatory effect of ouabain on T- and L-type calcium currents in guinea pig cardiac myocytes" 258 : H1620-H1623, 1990

15 Hatem SN, "Specificities of atrial electrophysiology: Clues to a better understanding of cardiac function and the mechanisms of arrhythmias" 48 : 90-95, 2010

16 Tweedie D, "Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca content, sarcolemmal Ca influx and the genesis of arrhythmias in isolated guinea-pig cardiomyocytes" 32 : 261-272, 2000

17 Bharani A, "Salutary effect of Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart failure" 49 : 191-199, 1995

18 Dwivedi S, "Role of Terminalia arjuna in ischaemic mitral regurgitation" 100 : 507-508, 2005

19 Layland J, "Regulation of cardiac contractile function by troponin I phosphorylation" 66 : 12-21, 2005

20 Trautwein W, "Regulation of cardiac L-type calcium current by phosphorylation and G proteins" 52 : 257-274, 1990

21 Yatani A, "Rapid β-adrenergic modulation of cardiac calcium channel currents by a fast G protein pathway" 245 : 71-74, 1989

22 Nammi S, "Possible mechanisms of hypotension produced 70% alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna (L.) in anaesthetized dogs" 3 : 5-, 2003

23 Holubarsch C, "Positive inotropism and myocardial energetics: Influence of ß receptor agonist stimulation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and ouabain" 28 : 994-1002, 1994

24 Gheorghiade M, "Pharmacology of new agents for acute heart failure syndromes" 96 : 68-73, 2005

25 Communal C, "Norepinephrine stimulates apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the ß-adrenergic pathway" 98 : 1329-1334, 1998

26 Rocchetti M, "Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum function by PST2744 [istaroxime; (e,z)-3-((2-aminoethoxy)imino) androstane-6,17-dione hydrochloride)] in a pressure-overload heart failure model" 326 : 957-965, 2008

27 Rocchetti M, "Modulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum function by Na+/K+ pump inhibitors with different toxicity: Digoxin and PST2744[(E,Z)-3-((2-Aminoethoxy)imino)androstane-6,17-dione Hydr-ochloride]" 313 : 207-215, 2005

28 Korge P, "Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, efflux, and sarcolemmal damage in Ca2+-overloaded cultured rat cardiomyocytes" 274 : H2085-H2093, 1998

29 Rosca MG, "Mitochondria in heart failure" 88 : 40-50, 2010

30 Marban E, "Mechanisms of arrhythmogenic delayed and early afterdepolarizations in ferret ventricular muscle" 78 : 1185-1192, 1986

31 Singh N, "Mechanism of cardiovascular action of Terminalia arjuna" 45 : 102-104, 1982

32 Delaney A, "Levosimendan for the treatment of acute severe heart failure : A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 138 : 281-289, 2010

33 Micheletti R, "Istaroxime, a stimulator of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosine triphosphatase isoform 2a activity, as a novel therapeutic approach to heart failure" 99 : 24A-32A, 2007

34 Verkerk AO, "Ionic mechanism of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular cells isolated from human end-stage failing hearts" 104 : 2728-2733, 2001

35 Wakita Y, "Inotropic, Chronotropic, and Arrhythmogenic Effects of dopamine on the isolated working heart of rabbit" 57 : 147-157, 2007

36 Felker GM, "Inotropic therapy for heart failure: An evidence-based approach" 142 : 393-401, 2001

37 Stevenson LW, "Inotropic therapy for heart failure" 339 : 1848-1850, 1998

38 Toma M, "Inotropic therapy for end-stage heart failure patients" 12 : 409-419, 2010

39 Tomita H, "Inducible cAMP early repressor (icer) is a negative-feedback regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and an important mediator of cardiac myocyte apoptosis in response to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation" 93 : 12-22, 2003

40 Shen Y, "Improvement of cardiac function by a cardiac myosin activator in conscious dogs with systolic heart failure / clinical perspective" 3 : 522-527, 2010

41 Arispe N, "Heart failure drug digitoxin induces calcium uptake into cells by forming transmembrane calcium channels" 105 : 2610-2615, 2008

42 Nagpal A, "Growth suppression of human transformed cells by treatment with bark extracts from a medicinal plant, Terminalia arjuna" 36 : 544-547, 2000

43 Ding B, "Functional role of phosphodiesterase 3 in cardiomyocyte apoptosis: implication in heart failure" 111 : 2469-2476, 2005

44 Wier WG, "Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Effects of cardiotonic steroids on the intracellular [Ca2+] transient, membrane potential, and contraction" 83 : 395-415, 1984

45 Nony P, "Evaluation of the effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors on mortality in chronic heart failure patients" 46 : 191-196, 1994

46 Maack C, "Elevated cytosolic Na+ decreases mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake during excitation-contraction coupling and impairs energetic adaptation in cardiac myocytes" 99 : 172-182, 2006

47 Bharani A, "Efficacy of Terminalia arjuna in chronic stable angina: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study comparing Terminalia arjuna with isosorbide mononitrate" 54 : 170-175, 2002

48 Adamopoulos S, "Effects of levosimendan versus dobutamine on inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in acutely decompensated chronic heart failure" 98 : 102-106, 2006

49 Zhao H, "Effects of dopamine on L-type Ca2+ current in single atrial and ventricular myocytes of the rat" 121 : 1247-1254, 1997

50 Ahmed A, "Effects of digoxin on morbidity and mortality in diastolic heart failure: the ancillary digitalis investigation group trial" 114 : 397-403, 2006

51 Lucke JC, "Effects of cardiac glycosides on myocardial function and energetics in conscious dogs" 267 : H2042-H2049, 1994

52 Sivalokanathan S, "Effects of Terminalia arjuna bark extract on apoptosis of human hepatoma cell line HepG2" 12 : 1018-1024, 2006

53 Edes I, "Effects of Levosimendan, a cardiotonic agent targeted to troponin C, on cardiac function and on phosphorylation and Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum in guinea pig heart" 77 : 107-113, 1995

54 Packer M, "Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group" 325 : 1468-1475, 1991

55 Pawar RS, "Effect of oleanane triterpenoids from Terminalia arjuna - a cardioprotective drug on the process of respiratory oxyburst" 12 : 391-393, 2005

56 Yano M, "Effect of milrinone on left ventricular relaxation and Ca2+ uptake function of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum" 279 : H1898-H1905, 2000

57 Brixius K, "Effect of inotropic interventions on contraction and Ca2+ transients in the human heart" 83 : 652-660, 1997

58 Gauthaman K, "Effect of chronic treatment with bark of Terminalia arjuna: a study on the isolated ischemic-reperfused rat heart" 75 : 197-201, 2001

59 Ruch SR, "Effect of cardiac glycosides on action potential characteristics and contractility in cat ventricular myocytes: Role of calcium overload" 307 : 419-428, 2003

60 Kapur S, "Early development of intracellular calcium cycling defects in intact hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats" 299 : H1843-H1853, 2010

61 Ding G, "Dopamine increases L-type calcium current more in newborn than adult rabbit cardiomyocytes via D1 and β2 receptors" 294 : H2327-H2335, 2008

62 Ahern TP, "Digoxin treatment is associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study" 10 : R102-, 2008

63 McGarry SJ, "Digoxin activates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channels: A possible role in cardiac inotropy" 108 : 1043-1050, 1993

64 Medford RM, "Digitalis and the Na+,K(+)-ATPase" 2 : 250-255, 1993

65 Akita T, "Developmental changes in modulation of calcium currents of rabbit ventricular cells by phosphodiesterase inhibitors" 90 : 469-478, 1994

66 O'Connor CM, "Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: Insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST)" 138 : 78-86, 1999

67 Rendig SV, "Comparison of positive inotropic effects of milrinone, dobutamine and ouabain" 84 : 99-105, 1994

68 Banfor PN, "Comparative effects of levosimendan, OR-1896, OR-1855, dobutamine, and milrinone on vascular resistance, indexes of cardiac function, and O2 consumption in dogs" 294 : H238-H248, 2008

69 Nam GB, "Cellular mechanisms underlying the development of catecholaminergic ventricular tachycardia" 111 : 2727-2733, 2005

70 Kuo PL, "Casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells" 71 : 237-243, 2005

71 Chen Q, "Cardiotonic drugs differentially alter cytosolic [Ca2+] to left ventricular relationships before and after ischemia in isolated guinea pig hearts" 59 : 912-925, 2003

72 Karthikeyan K, "Cardioprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury" 73 : 2727-2739, 2003

73 Malik FI, "Cardiac myosin activation: a potential therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure" 331 : 1439-1443, 2011

74 Hasenfuss G, "Cardiac inotropes : current agents and future directions" 32 : 1838-1845, 2011

75 Osadchii OE, "Cardiac dilatation and pump dysfunction without intrinsic myocardial systolic failure following chronic β-adrenoreceptor activation" 292 : H1898-H1905, 2007

76 Miller AL, "Botanical influences on cardiovascular disease" 3 : 422-431, 1998

77 Sorsa T, "Binding of Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer, to cardiac troponin C" 276 : 9337-9343, 2001

78 Stump GL, "Arrhythmogenic potential of positive inotropic agents" 95 : 186-198, 2000

79 Singh DV, "Arjunetin from Terminalia arjuna as an insect feeding-deterrent and growth inhibitor" 18 : 131-134, 2004

80 Teerlink J, "Agents with inotropic properties for the management of acute heart failure syndromes. Traditional agents and beyond" 14 : 243-253, 2009

81 Colucci WS, "Adrenergic overload and apoptosis in heart failure : implications for therapy" 6 : 1-7, 2000

82 Campia U, "Acute heart failure with low cardiac output: can we develop a short-term inotropic agent that does not increase adverse events" 7 : 100-109, 2010

83 Sagawa T, "Activation of cardiac ryanodine receptors by cardiac glycosides" 282 : H1118-H1126, 2002

84 Lehnart S, "Abnormalities of calcium metabolism and myocardial contractility depression in the failing heart" 14 : 213-224, 2009

85 Ali A, "A novel naphthanol glycoside from Terminalia arjuna with antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibitory activities" 58 : 932-934, 2003

86 Teerlink J, "A novel approach to improve cardiac performance: cardiac myosin activators" 14 : 289-298, 2009

87 Lee CO, "200 years of digitalis: the emerging central role of the sodium ion in the control of cardiac force" 249 : C367-C378, 1985