일제강점기 강화 보문사 마애관음보살좌상연구 = A Study of the Japanese Colonial Era Rock-Carved Seated Avalokiteśvara Statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple is a giant rock-carved Buddhiststatue that was built in 1928 during the Japanese colonial era. Although it is a year-recorded Buddhist statue thatoccupies a prominent place in modern Korean Buddhist sculpture history, it has not been the subject of in-depthdiscussion due to weak research on modern Buddhist sculptures.
In this study, to examine the various significant aspects of the rock-carved Seated Avalokiteśvara statue atBomunsa Temple as a modern Buddhist sculpture, I have managed to determine its construction year, artificers, andpatrons by deciphering the inscription around the rock-carved statue; in addition I have researched the effects ofthe rock shapes and landforms on the formation of the Buddhist statue by comparing and analyzing the points ofview of both artificers and worshipers. I have also identified the specific circumstances of the time of constructionfrom interviews with the descendants of artificers.
A monk from Geumgangsan Mountain, Lee Hwaeung, took the role of sponsor and chief painter to constructthe rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa temple. In the beginning of its construction in 1928, morethan 100 donators jointly sponsored the construction of the statue. Gansong Jeon Hyoungphil sponsored alone atthe time of the place of worship’s expansion in 1938. Bomunsa Temple has been regarded as one of the top-threesacred places of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva together with Naksansa Temple in Yang Yang and Boriam in Nam Hae,due to the construction of the rock-carved statue.
It took about three months to construct the statue. Lee Hwaeung drew a rough sketch and then Un Songhagand five masons from Ganghwa Island took part in the carving process. We can observe the line drawing techniquearound the rock-carved statue because the statue was carved based on the rough sketch of the monk painter. Theaspect of Lee Hwaeung as a painter is revealed; therefore, we can identify the clue of painting pattern leading toSeogongchulyou- Hwaunghyoungjin- Ilonghyegag.
The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple is a typical Avalokiteśvara that wears ajeweled crown and holds Kundica . It makes a strong impression as it has a big square-shaped face and a short neckand is unsophisticated in general. The artificers solved the issue of visual distortion of the rock-carved statue causedby carving on a 10-meter high and 40-degree sloping rock by controlling motion to its maximum , omitting detailedexpression by emphasizing symmetry, and adjusting the head-to-body proportion to be almost one-to-one.
In this study, especially, I presume the unified form of sacred sculptures and Buddhist altars, without makinga Buddhist altar like the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple, to be a key characteristic ofmodern Buddhist sculptures. Furthermore, I make newly clear that the six letters of Sanskrit carved on nimbus,which had been interpreted as a Six-Syllable Mantra, are a combination with Jeongbeopgye and Sabang Mantras. Inaddition, three iron rings driven on eaves rock were used as a reference point, and after construction they were usedas a decoration for the Bodhisattva with hanging wind chimes.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 경기문화재단, "화성성역의궤 권4" 234-536, 2001

2 국립무형유산원, "임석정 불화는 신심으로부터지" 93-97, 1977

3 대한불교조계종 총무원, "일제시대 불교정책과 현황 下" 127-, 2001

4 대한불교조계종 총무원, "일제시대 불교정책과 현황 上" 546-, 2001

5 대한불교조계종 총무원, "일제시대 불교정책과 현황 上" 621-, 2001

6 대한불교조계종 총무원, "일제시대 불교정책과 현황 上" 587-, 2001

7 대한불교조계종 총무원, "일제시대 불교정책과 현황 上" 795-, 2001

8 "일제경성지방법원편철자료-思想問題에 關한 調査書類 5"

9 김형우, "인천의 전통사찰과 불교미술(2)" 인천광역시 역사자료관 112-, 2014

10 국립중앙박물관, "유리원판사진 아름다운 金剛山" 155-175, 1999

11 최선아, "성지(聖地)의 형성과 존상(尊像)의 출현―중국 보타산(普陀山)의 관음상(觀音像)을 중심으로―" 미술사와 시각문화학회 (23) : 122-163, 2019

12 최엽, "서울 창신동 <安養庵 磨崖觀音菩薩坐像> 硏究" (20) : 82-, 2001

13 이선용, "불화에 기록된 범자와 진언에 관한 고찰" 한국미술사학회 278 (278): 125-162, 2013

14 엄기표, "남원 勝蓮寺 마애 범자진언의 조성 시기와 의의" 한국불교선리연구원 (18) : 391-440, 2015

15 최명주, "경북궁 근정전 박석의 산지와 운송과정 해석" 한국암석학회 24 (24): 181-191, 2015

16 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol7" 188-, 2007

17 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol4" 77-, 2007

18 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol2" 106-, 2007

19 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol17" 133-, 2007

20 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol15" 79-, 2007

21 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol13" 57-59, 2007

22 성보문화재연구원, "韓國의 佛畫 Vol11" 133-, 2007

23 權相老, "韓國寺刹全書" 東國大學校出版部 276-277, 1979

24 映月, "眞言集" 望月寺藏版 55-, 1801

25 "江華都志" 141-142,

26 최선일, "江華 寺刹 文獻資料의 調査硏究" 인천학연구원 233-234, 2011

27 金永基, "民聲" 高麗文化社 55-, 1949

28 "每日申報 1921.10.22./1923.06.15/1933.02.26"

29 "東亞日報 1929.6.23/1939.6.4/1948.10.15"

30 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報, 第1604號" 134-135, 1932

31 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第983號" 1939

32 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第828號" 1939

33 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第745號" 1939

34 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第321號" 1939

35 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第2386號" 1939

36 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第2257號" 1939

37 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第1414號" 1939

38 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第1278號" 1939

39 朝鮮總督府, "朝鮮總督府官報 第825號" 1939

40 朝鮮總督府內務部地方局, "朝鮮寺刹史料 (下)" 96-, 1911

41 金相永, "普門寺 寺誌" 사찰문화연구원 37-41, 1996

42 朝鮮總督府, "寺刹令改正ニ依ル傳燈寺財産目錄" 27-29,

43 韓國學文獻硏究所, "大乘寺誌" 亞細亞文化社 419-420, 1982

44 韓國學文獻硏究所, "傳燈本末寺誌" 亞細亞文化史 91-97, 1978

45 韓國學文獻硏究所, "乾鳳寺本末事蹟 楡岾寺本末寺誌" 亞細亞文化史 494-604, 1977

46 성나연, "1930년대 금강산 국립공원 계획에 의한 금강산 영역의 재편과 변천" 11 : 43-46, 2019