Objectives:Animals emit 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in negative affective states and 50 kHz USVs in positive affective states. 50 kHz USVs have been associated with reinforcing properties related to the activation of dopaminergic system b...
Objectives:Animals emit 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in negative affective states and 50 kHz USVs in positive affective states. 50 kHz USVs have been associated with reinforcing properties related to the activation of dopaminergic system by drugs of abuse. The Aim of this study was to review the literatures on 50 kHz USVs produced by cocaine self-administration. Methods:I researched specific Korean and foreign electronic databases such as RISS and Pubmed. Results and Conclusions: 1. Acute or multiple cocaine injection increases 50 kHz USVs than 22 kHz USVs. 2. 50 kHz USVs reflect the positive emotional state during cocaine self-administration. 3. 50 kHz USVs can be an indicator to measure cocaine craving and addiction.